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over the last five years

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1 over

over [ˈəʊvə^r]

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1. adverb

2. adjective

3. preposition

4. noun

5. modifier

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► When over is an element in a phrasal verb, eg come over, turn over, look up the verb.

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1. adverb

   a. ( = here) when you're next over this way la prochaine fois que vous passerez par ici

• they were over for the day ils sont venus passer la journée chez nous

► to have sb over ( = invite) inviter qn chez soi

• I must have them over some time il faut que je les invite chez moi un de ces jours

   b. ( = there) là

• I'll be over at 7 o'clock je serai là à 7 heures

   c. ( = above) dessus

• heat the syrup and pour it over chauffer la mélasse et versez-la dessus

   d. (with adverb/preposition)

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► When followed by an adverb or a preposition, over is not usually translated.

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• over here ici

• over there là-bas

• they're over from Canada for the summer ils sont venus du Canada pour passer l'été ici

• they're over in France ils sont en France

• over against the wall contre le mur

   e. ( = more) plus

• if it is 2 metres or over si ça fait 2 mètres ou plus

• children of six and over les enfants de six ans et plus

   f. ( = in succession) he did it five times over il l'a fait cinq fois de suite

► over and over again

• William played the same tune over and over again William a joué le même air je ne sais combien de fois

• I got bored doing the same thing over and over again je m'ennuyais à refaire toujours la même chose

   g. ( = remaining) there are three over il en reste trois

• there were two slices each and one over il y avait deux tranches par personne et une en plus

   h. (on two-way radio) over! à vous !

• over and out! terminé !

2. adjective

( = finished) after the war was over après la guerre

• when this is all over quand tout cela sera fini

• when the exams are over quand les examens seront finis

► over and done with fini

• when it's all over and done with quand ce sera fini

• to get sth over and done with en finir avec qch

3. preposition

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► When over occurs in a set combination, eg over the moon, an advantage over, look up the noun. When over is used with a verb such as jump, trip, step, look up the verb.

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   a. ( = on top of) sur

• she put an apron on over her dress elle a mis un tablier sur sa robe

• I spilled coffee over it j'ai renversé du café dessus

   b. ( = above) au-dessus de

• the water came over his knees l'eau lui arrivait au-dessus des genoux

   c. ( = across) de l'autre côté de

• it's just over the river c'est juste de l'autre côté de la rivière

• the bridge over the river le pont qui enjambe la rivière

• there is a café over the road il y a un café en face

• the house over the road la maison d'en face

   d. ( = during) over the summer pendant l'été

• over Christmas pendant les fêtes de Noël

• the meetings take place over several days les réunions se déroulent sur plusieurs jours

• over a period of sur une période de

• over the last few years ces dernières années

   e. ( = about) they fell out over money ils se sont brouillés pour une question d'argent

   f. ( = more than) plus de

• they stayed for over three hours ils sont restés plus de trois heures

• she is over 60 elle a plus de 60 ans

• the over-18s les plus de 18 ans

• well over 200 people bien plus de 200 personnes

• all numbers over 20 tous les chiffres au-dessus de 20

► over and above

• this was over and above his normal duties cela dépassait le cadre de ses fonctions

• spending has gone up by 7% over and above inflation les dépenses ont augmenté de 7 %, hors inflation

• over and above the fact that... sans compter que...

   g. ( = on) I spent a lot of time over that report j'ai passé beaucoup de temps sur ce rapport

• he took hours over the preparations il a consacré des heures à ces préparatifs

   h. ( = while having) they chatted over a cup of coffee ils ont bavardé autour d'une tasse de café

   i. ( = recovered from)

► to be over sth [+ illness, bad experience] s'être remis de qch

• hoping you'll soon be over it en espérant que tu te remettras vite

• we're over the worst now le pire est passé maintenant

4. noun

(Cricket) série f de six balles

5. modifier

► over-the-counter adjective [drugs, medicine] vendu sans ordonnance

► over-the-top adjective ( = exaggerated) délirant

• it was really over-the-top c'était vraiment trop (inf)

* * *

Note: over is used after many verbs in English ( change over, fall over, lean over etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (change, fall, lean etc)

over is often used with another preposition in English (to, in, on) without altering the meaning. In this case over is usually not translated in French: to be over in France = être en France; to swim over to somebody = nager vers quelqu'un

over is often used with nouns in English when talking about superiority ( control over etc) or when giving the cause of something ( concern over, worries over etc). For translations, consult the appropriate noun entry (control, concern, worry etc)

over is often used as a prefix in verb combinations ( overeat), adjective combinations ( overconfident) and noun combinations ( overcoat). These combinations are treated as headwords in the dictionary

For particular usages see the entry below
['əʊvə(r)] 1.
preposition

1) ( across the top of) par-dessus

he jumped over it — il a sauté par-dessus

a bridge over the Thames — un pont sur la Tamise

2) ( from or on the other side of)

the house over the road — la maison d'en face

it's just over the road — c'est juste de l'autre côté de la rue

over here/there — par ici/là

come over here! — viens (par) ici!

3) ( above) au-dessus de

they live over the shop — ils habitent au-dessus de la boutique

4) (covering, surrounding) gen sur

to wear a sweater over one's shirt — porter un pull par-dessus sa chemise

shutters over the windows — des volets aux fenêtres

5) ( physically higher than)

the water came over my ankles — j'avais de l'eau jusqu'aux chevilles

6) ( more than) plus de

children over six — les enfants de plus de six ans

temperatures over 40° — des températures supérieures à 40°

7) ( in the course of)

over the weekend — pendant le week-end

over a period of — sur une période de

over the last few days — au cours de ces derniers jours

over the years — avec le temps

over Christmas — à Noël

to stay with somebody over Easter — passer les vacances de Pâques chez quelqu'un

8) ( recovered from)

to be over — s'être remis de [illness, operation]

to be over the worst — avoir passé le pire

9) ( by means of)

over the phone — par téléphone

over the radio — à la radio

10) ( everywhere)

all over the house — partout dans la maison

to show somebody over a house — faire visiter une maison à quelqu'un
2.
over and above prepositional phrase

over and above that — en plus de cela

over and above the minimum requirement — au-delà du minimum requis
3.
adjective, adverb

1) ( use with verbs not covered in NOTE)

over you go! — allez hop!

2) ( finished)

to be over — [term, meeting] être terminé; [war] être fini

to get something over with — en finir avec quelque chose

3) ( more)

children of six and over — les enfants de plus de six ans

4) ( remaining)

there's one over — il en reste un

there's nothing over — il ne reste rien

5) (to one's house, country)

to invite ou ask somebody over — inviter quelqu'un

we had them over on Sunday — ils sont venus dimanche

when you're next over this way — la prochaine fois que tu passes dans le coin

6) Radio, Television

over to you — à vous

now over to Tim for the weather — laissons la place à Tim pour la météo

now over to our Paris studios — nous passons l'antenne à nos studios de Paris

7) ( showing repetition)

five times over — cinq fois de suite

to start all over again — recommencer à zéro

I had to do it over — US j'ai dû recommencer

I've told you over and over (again)... — je t'ai dit je ne sais combien de fois...

8) GB ( excessively)

I'm not over keen — je ne suis pas très enthousiaste

English-French dictionary > over
2 over

ˈəuvə
1. предл.
1) а) указывает на движение или нахождение над каким-л. предметом над, выше a flight over the sea ≈ полет над морем б) указывает на положение поверх какого-л. предмета на, над His hand was over his heart. ≈ Он прижал руку к сердцу. в) указывает на положение поперек чего-л. через a new bridge over a river ≈ новый мост через реку г) указывает на положение по другую сторону чего-л. по ту сторону, за, через over the river ≈ по ту сторону реки, за рекой д) указывает на положение около, вблизи чего-л. у, при, за to be over the fire ≈ находиться у костра е) указывает на прикосновение к поверхности чего-л. по to run hands over the machine ≈ провести руками по машине ж) указывает на надевание одежды, натягивание чехла и т. п. to put an apron over the dress ≈ надеть передник поверх платья
2) а) указывает на период, в течение которого происходило действие за, в, в течение over the last three years ≈ за последние три года б) указывает на действие, которое происходило во время какого-л. др. действия, занятия She fell asleep over her work. ≈ Она заснула во время работы.
3) указывает на большое количество, в т. ч. большой возраст, время свыше, сверх, больше over ten millions ≈ свыше десяти миллионов She is over twenty. ≈ Ей больше двадцати лет.
4) указывает на более высокое положение, старшинство, господство, власть и т. п. над to rule over smth. ≈ господствовать над чем-л., управлять чем-л.
5) указывает на предмет спора, обсуждения и т. п. to dispute over smth. ≈ спорить о чем-л.
6) указывает на преодоление трудностей to get over difficulties ≈ преодолеть трудности
7) указывает на источник, средство, способ передачи, пересылки и т. п. через, через посредство, посредством, по over the telephone ≈ по телефону
2. нареч.
1) а) указывает на движение через что-л., передается приставками пере-, вы- to jump over ≈ перепрыгнуть to swim over ≈ переплыть б) указывает на движение над чем-л. или нахождение наверху наверх;
наверху to hang over ≈ висеть наверху, висеть над головой в) указывает на переход на противоположную сторону, вт. ч. изменение позиции to sail over ≈ переплыть на другую сторону г) указывает на нахождение на какой-л. стороне over by the hill ≈ за холмом
2) указывает на повторение снова, вновь, еще раз to do smth. over ≈ переделывать что-л.
3) указывает на доведение действия до конца, а также тщательность его выполнения про- to think smth. over ≈ (тщательно) продусмать что-л.
4) указывает на окончание, прекращение действия The lesson is over. ≈ Урок окончен.
5) указывает на повсеместность действия, распространенность по всей территории He ached all over. ≈ У него болело абсолютно все.
6) во временном отношении указывает на длительность протекания какого-л. процесса в течение опред. периода времени over until Sunday ≈ до воскресенья
7) указывает на передачу чего-л. от одного лица к другому to make a property over to smb. ≈ передать имущество кому-л.
8) вдобавок, сверх, слишком, чересчур difference over or under ≈ одним различием больше или иеньше
9) при измерении по диаметру или по поперек в диаметре, размер поперек a board a foot over ≈ доска диаметром в 1 фут
10) имеет усилительное значение ∙ over and above
3. сущ.
1) а) избыток, излишек Syn: extra б) приплата Syn: extra payment
2) воен. перелет( снаряда)
3) радио переход на прием
4. прил.
1) верхний Syn: upper
2) вышестоящий( по званию, положению и т. п.) Syn: higher in authority
3) избыточный, излишний Syn: superfluous, surplus, excessive;
extra
4) сверхсильный, чрезмерный overaggressive behavior ≈ сверхагрессивное поведение Syn: too great, excessive
5) оконченный, окончившийся;
прошедший when the war was over ≈ когда война была завершена Syn: ended, done, past излишек, избыток приплата ( военное) перелет (снаряда) (спортивное) серия бросков (радиотехника) переход на прием верхний;
внешний - the * eyelid верхнее веко вышестоящий излишний, избыточный;
чрезмерный - * imagination слишком богатое воображение указывает на нахождение или движение над чем-либо наверху;
наверх - to hand * нависать, висеть над головой - the balloon was directly * воздушный шар находился прямо над нами указывает на движение через что-либо - часто передается глагольной приставкой пере- - to jump * перепрыгнуть - to step * перешагнуть - the pot was full and the soup was boiling * кастрюля была полна, и суп убежал - to climb * into the garden перелезать через забор в сад указывает на изменение положения, переворачивание, переход из вертикального положения в горизонтальное - часто передается глагольной приставкой пере- - to roll * перекатывать(ся) - to turn smth.* перевернуть что-либо на другую сторону - please, turn * смотри на обороте (надпись) - to knock smb. * сбить кого-либо с ног - to knock smth. * опрокинуть что-либо - turn * on your side поверни(те) сь на бок - he gave me a push and * I went он толкнул меня, и я упал - the car almost swung * автомобиль чуть не перевернулся - he stooped * to laсe his shoes он наклонился, чтобы зашнуровать ботинки указывает на переход на противоположную сторону, изменение позиции - часто передается глагольной приставкой пере- - to go * to the enemy перейти еа сторону неприятеля - to sail * переплыть (на другую сторону) - they went * to a five-day week они перешли на пятидневную неделю - O.! O. to you (радиотехника) перехожу на прием! - he drove us * to the other side of town он отвез нас в другой конец города указывает на приближение к какому-либо месту, лицу или переход к чему-либо - часто передается глагольной приставкой под- - he led her * to the window он подвел ее к окну - send her * to me пришли ее ко мне - he went * to the railing он подошел к перилам - to go * to see smb. (разговорное) зайти к кому-либо, навестить кого-либо - we have guests coming * this evening сегодня вечером к нам придут гости - to go * to the store сходить в магазин - take these letters * to post office отнести эти письма на почту - ask him * пригласите его (в гости) указывает на нахождение на какой-либо стороне - * here здесь - * there( вон) там - there's a good sport * there там есть хорошее местечко - * by the hill там, за холмом указывает на повторение вновь, опять, еще раз - * again, * and * (again) опять, снова, много раз (подряд) - he said the some thing * and * (again) он все время повторял одно и то же - he read the article twice * он еще раз перечитал статью - to do smth. * переделывать что-либо - he did that problem three times * он трижды принимался за решение этой проблемы - you'll have to do it * (again) тебе придется переделать это указывает на тщательность выполнения действия или доведение его до конца - передается глагольными приставками про-, пере- - to think smth. * продумать что-либо - to talk * обсудить - to check * проверить - to read a newspaper * прочитать газету (от первой до последней страницы) - to look * осмотреть;
проверить - may I look the house *? можно осмотреть дом? - dig the ground * well before planting the flowers прежде чем сажать цветы, тщательно перекопайте землю указывает на окончание чего-либо - the lesson is * урок окончен - the war was * война кончилась - the incident is * инцидент исчерпан указывает на нерешенность, незаконченность, неурегулированность - to lay * откладывать, отсрочивать - to hold * a decision откладывать принятие решения;
повременить с решением - let's hold it * until the next meeting давайте отложим это до следующего собрания указывает на распространение по всему данному месту, по всей территории - to be all * in dust быть покрытым пылью с головы до ног - to paint the wall * закрасить всю стену - they searched the town * они искали по всему городу - a dress covered * with jewels платье, усыпанное драгоценностями - her face became red all * краска залила ее лицо - he ached all * у него болело все тело указывает на длительность протекания действия в течении какого-либо периода времени или по истечении этого периода времени - please stay * until Monday оставайтесь, пожалуйста, у нас до понедельника указывает на передачу или переход чего-либо от одного лица к другому - передается глагольной приставкой пере- - to hand smth. * to smb. передать что-либо кому-либо - to take * a job smb. продолжать работу, начатую кем-либо другим - to make a property * to smb. передать имущество кому-либо, переписать имущество не кого-либо - to get one's point * to smb. (разговорное) втолковать кому-либо что-либо - he willed the house * to his son он завещал дом своему сыну указывает на излишек, избыток вдобавок, сверх того - boys of twelve years and * мальчики двенадцати лет и старше - to pay the full sum and smth. заплатить сполна и еще прибавить - I've got one card * у меня осталась одна открытка - you will keep what is left * оставьте себе, что осталось ( о сдаче) - nineteen divided by five makes three, and four * девятнадцать, деленное на пять, равно трем и четыре в остатке - they were gone three hours or * их тут нет уже три часа, а то и больше - difference * or under одним различием больше или меньше указывает на избыток или высшую степень качества чрезвычайно, сверх - she is not * strong она не очень-то сильна - he is * polite он в высшей степени вежливый человек - he is * tried он переутомлен - do not be * shy не будьте слишком застенчивы указывает на измерение по диаметру или поперек: в - a board a foot * доска в один фут в диаметре в сочетаниях: - * against напротив - Dover is * against Calais Дувр расположен против Кале против, по сравнению - to set truth * against falsehood противопоставить правду лжи - all * (эмоционально-усилительно) типичный (для кого-либо) - that rudeness is George all * такая грубость характерна для Джорджа - she is her mother all * она точная копия своей матери, она вся в мать - he's French all * он вылитый француз - * with (разговорное) сделанный, законченный - let's hurry and get the job * with давай(те) поторопимся и закончим наше дело - it is all * with him с ним все кончено;
он погиб;
он разорен - that's * and done with с этим все покончено, это предано забвению - * and above к тому же, кроме того, вдобавок к - * and above, he is younger than you и к тому же он моложе вас - * and above слишком, чересчур - it is not done * and above well сделано это не слишком-то хорошо указывает на нахождение или движение над каким-либо предметом: над - the roof * one's head крыша над головой - a sign * the entrance вывеска над входом - to bend * smb., smth. наклониться над кем-либо, чем-либо - heavy fog hung * the city над городом висел густой туман - a flight * the ocean полет над океаном указывает на положение на каком-либо предмете или поверх него: на - his hat was pulled low * his eyes его шляпа была низко надвинута на глаза - his hand was * his heart он держал руку на сердце - her hand closed * his она сжала его руку - the water came * his knees вода доходила ему до колен указывает на положение поперек чего-либо: через - a bridge * a river мост через реку - he had a towel * his shoulder через плечо у него было перекинуто полотенце указывает на местоположение по другую сторону чего-либо по ту сторону, за - * the river за рекой - * the sea за морем;
за пределами страны, за границей - a city * the border город по ту сторону границы - to sell smth. * the counter тоговать чем-либо за прилавком - we heard voices * the wall за стеной были слышны голоса указывает на положение у, около чего-либо: у - to sit * the fire сидеть у огня указывает на надевание, натягивание чехла: на - to throw a sheet * the bad покрыть кровать простыней - to spread a cloth * the table постелить на (стол) скатерть - she put an apron * her dress она надела передник на платье - he drew the blanket * him он натянул на себя одеяло указывает на движение через что-либо, по чему-либо или через какое-либо препятствие: через, по - * the border через границу - to leap * smth. перепрыгнуть через что-либо - to help smb. * the road помочь кому-либо перейти дорогу - to go * the bridge перейти через мост - they looked * his shoulder into the room они заглядывали в комнату через плечо - she fell * a stone она упала, споткнувшись о камень - she stumbled * her words она говорила запинаясь указывает на движение или распространение по какой-либо поверхности в определенных или разных направлениях: по, на - he travelled * Europe он путешествовал по Европе - all * the north of England по всей северной Англии - all * the world по всему свету - to motor * a new route ехать на машине по новой дороге - it snowed all * the valley в долине повсюду шел снег - a smile stole * his face на лице его промелькнула улыбка - he spread the butter * a slice of bread он намазал ломтик хлеба маслом - winter settled * the mountains в горах наступила зима указывает на прикосновение к поверхности чего-либо: по - he ran his hand * the machine он провел рукой по машине - he rubbed his hand * his cheek он потер щеку рукой - his hands moved * the papers on the table он перебирал бумаги на столе - his fountain-pen drove briskly * the paper его перо быстро и легко скользило по бумаге - he ran his eyes * the letter он пробежал глазами письмо - the breeze from the window poured * him на него подуло из окна указывает на период протекания действия: в течение, за - * a long term of years в течение долгих лет - * a period of years в течение ряда лет - * the last two days за последние два дня указывает на включение в действие какого-либо момента, отрезка времени: включая;
до - can you stay * the week-end? можете ли вы остаться до понедельника - the meeting was adjourned * the holidays совещание было прервано с тем, чтобы возобновиться после праздника указывает на протекание действия во время какого-либо занятия: за - he fell asleep * his work он заснул за работой - we'll discuss it * our dinner мы обсудим это за обедом - they sat * their coffee они сидели за кофе - how long will he be * it? сколько времени у него это займет? указывает на большее количество: свыше, сверх, больше - * a mile больше мили - * fifty millions свыше пятидесяти миллионов указывает на больший возраст, время: больше - he is * twenty ему больше двадцати (лет) - he spoke * an hour он говорил больше часа указывает на более высокое положение, преимущество, преобладание, господство, власть: над - superiority * smb. превосходство над кем-либо - an advantage * smb. преимущество перед кем-либо - to triumph * smth. восторжествовать над чем-либо - to rule * smth. управлять чем-либо - she has no control * her temper она не умеет сдерживаться - he has no command * himself он собой не владеет указывает на более высокий ранг, положение: выше, старше - a colonel is * a lieutenant полковник по чину старше лейтенанта - he is * me in the office он мой начальник указывает на предмет мысли, спора о, относительно, по поводу, касательно - a dispute * smth. спор о чем-либо - to quarrel * a matter собираться по поводу чего-либо - there was disagreement * the agenda при обсуждении повестки дня возникли разногласия - to think * smth. обдумывать что-либо, думать над чем-либо - to laugh * smth. смеяться над чем-либо - don't concern yourself * the expenses о расходах не беспокойтесь - he is worried * his health он обеспокоен своим здоровьем указывает на предмет рассмотрения, просмотра - часто передается глагольной приставкой про- - to go * smb.'s notes (внимательно) прочесть чьи-либо заметки - to go * details вспомнить все подробности - he went * everything in his pockets он тщательно проверил все, что у него было в карманах указывает на преодоление трудностей, препятствий - to get * difficulties справиться с трудностями - I got * my cold quickly я быстро оправился от простуды - we're * the worst самое худшее уже позади указывает на способ передвижения, пересылки, передачи: по - * the air по воздуху - * the radio по радио - to talk * the telephone (по) говорить по телефону указывает на лицо, с которым что-либо просходит или случается - depression crept * him им овладело уныние - a feeling of relief came * him он почувствовал облегчение - a change came * him он изменился - what has come * you? (разговорное) что (это) на вас нашло? > it is * my head это выше моего понимания > * head and ears, head * ears по уши;
по горло > to be head * ears in love быть безумно влюбленным > to be head * ears in work быть по горло занятым работой > head * heels кувырком, вверх ногами;
вверх тормашками > * the left как раз наоборот > it will suit you perfectly well. - O. the left! это вам очень подойдет. - Скажете тоже! > * the signature of smb., * smb.'s signature за подписью кого-либо, за чьей-либо подписью ~ prep указывает на характер движения: по, по всей поверхности;
over the whole country, all over the country по всей стране assume control ~ брать на себя контроль ~ prep указывает на взаимное положение предметов: через;
a bridge over the river мост через реку changing ~ перемена местами he is ~ polite он чрезвычайно любезен;
children of fourteen and over дети четырнадцати лет и старше to flow ~ the edge бежать через край;
to stumble over a stone споткнуться о камень ~ prep указывает на превосходство в положении, старшинство и т. п. над;
a general is over a colonel генерал старше по чину, чем полковник take it ~ to the post-office отнеси-ка это на почту;
hand it over to them передай-ка им это they want a good chief ~ them им нужен хороший начальник;
he is over me in the office он мой начальник по службе he is ~ polite он чрезвычайно любезен;
children of fourteen and over дети четырнадцати лет и старше ~ prep указывает на характер движения: через, о;
he jumped over the ditch он перепрыгнул через канаву a village ~ the river деревня по ту сторону реки;
he lives over the way он живет через дорогу he packed ~ two hours он собрался за два часа;
to stay over the whole week оставаться в течение всей недели ~ prep указывает на характер движения: поверх, на;
he pulled his hat over his eyes он надвинул шляпу на глаза pull: ~ надвигать, натягивать;
he pulled his hat over his eyes он нахлобучил шляпу на глаза hills covered all ~ with snow холмы, сплошь покрытые снегом;
paint the wall over покрась всю стену ~ prep указывает на источник, средство и т. п. через, через посредство, по;
I heard it over the radio я слышал это по радио over вдобавок, сверх, слишком, чересчур;
I paid my bill and had five shillings over я заплатил по счету, и у меня еще осталось пять шиллингов ~ and above с лихвой;
it can stand over это может подождать;
that is Tom all over это так характерно для Тома, это так похоже на Тома ~ указывает на окончание, прекращение действия: the meeting is over собрание окончено;
it is all over все кончено;
все пропало ~ снова, вновь, еще раз;
the work is badly done, it must be done over работа сделана плохо, ее нужно переделать ~ указывает на движение через (что-л.), передается приставками пере-, вы;
to jump over перепрыгнуть ~ имеет усилительное значение: over there вон там;
let him come over here пусть-ка он придет сюда ~ указывает на окончание, прекращение действия: the meeting is over собрание окончено;
it is all over все кончено;
все пропало ~ against по сравнению с;
over and over( again) много раз, снова и снова ~ against против, напротив ~ and above в добавление, к тому же ~ and above с лихвой;
it can stand over это может подождать;
that is Tom all over это так характерно для Тома, это так похоже на Тома ~ against по сравнению с;
over and over (again) много раз, снова и снова ~ fine millions свыше пяти миллионов;
she is over fifty ей за пятьдесят ~ prep указывает на взаимное положение предметов: над, выше;
over our heads над нашими головами ~ our heads сверх, выше нашего понимания;
over our heads разг. не посоветовавшись с нами ~ our heads сверх, выше нашего понимания;
over our heads разг. не посоветовавшись с нами ~ prep указывает на характер движения: по, по всей поверхности;
over the whole country, all over the country по всей стране ~ имеет усилительное значение: over there вон там;
let him come over here пусть-ка он придет сюда ~ prep указывает на количественное или числовое превышение свыше, сверх, больше;
over two years больше двух лет hills covered all ~ with snow холмы, сплошь покрытые снегом;
paint the wall over покрась всю стену pass ~ передавать pass: ~ over хим. дистиллироваться ~ over обходить молчанием ~ over оставлять без внимания ~ over перевозить ~ over передавать ~ over передавать ~ over переправлять ~ over пропускать, оставлять без внимания;
обходить молчанием (тж. pass over in silence) ~ over пропускать ~ over проходить;
переправляться ~ over умереть preside ~ председательствовать на ~ указывает на доведение действия до конца;
передается приставкой про-;
to read the story over прочитать рассказ до конца;
to think over продумать ~ fine millions свыше пяти миллионов;
she is over fifty ей за пятьдесят ~ prep относительно, касательно;
to talk over the matter говорить относительно этого дела;
she was all over him она не знала, как угодить ему snow is falling ~ the north of England на севере Англии идет снег he packed ~ two hours он собрался за два часа;
to stay over the whole week оставаться в течение всей недели to flow ~ the edge бежать через край;
to stumble over a stone споткнуться о камень to swim ~ переплыть;
to boil over разг. убегать( о молоке и т. п.) take it ~ to the post-office отнеси-ка это на почту;
hand it over to them передай-ка им это ~ prep относительно, касательно;
to talk over the matter говорить относительно этого дела;
she was all over him она не знала, как угодить ему ~ and above с лихвой;
it can stand over это может подождать;
that is Tom all over это так характерно для Тома, это так похоже на Тома they want a good chief ~ them им нужен хороший начальник;
he is over me in the office он мой начальник по службе ~ prep указывает на взаимное положение предметов: у, при, за;
they were sitting over the fire они сидели у камина ~ указывает на доведение действия до конца;
передается приставкой про-;
to read the story over прочитать рассказ до конца;
to think over продумать think: ~ постоянно думать, мечтать;
think out продумать до конца;
think over обсудить, обдумать a village ~ the river деревня по ту сторону реки;
he lives over the way он живет через дорогу ~ снова, вновь, еще раз;
the work is badly done, it must be done over работа сделана плохо, ее нужно переделать

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > over
3 last

I 1. adjective
letzt...

be last to arrive — als letzter/letzte ankommen

for the [very] last time — zum [aller]letzten Mal

who was last? — wer war letzter?

the last two — die letzten beiden

he came last — er war letzter

second last, last but one — vorletzt...

last but not least — last, not least; nicht zuletzt

last evening/night was windy — gestern abend/gestern od. heute nacht war es windig

last evening/week we were out — gestern abend/letzte Woche waren wir aus

that would be the last thing to do in this situation — das wäre das Letzte, was man in dieser Situation tun würde
2. adverb
1) [ganz] zuletzt; als letzter/letzte [sprechen, ankommen]

2) (on last previous occasion) das letzte Mal; zuletzt

when did you last see him or see him last? — wann hast du ihn zuletzt od. das letzte Mal gesehen?
3. noun
1) (mention, sight)

I shall never hear the last of it — das werde ich ständig zu hören bekommen

you haven't heard the last of this matter — das letzte Wort in dieser Sache ist noch nicht gesprochen

that was the last we ever saw of him — das war das letzte Mal, daß wir ihn gesehen haben

2) (person or thing) letzter...

these last — letztere

I'm always the last to be told — ich bin immer der letzte, der etwas erfährt

she was the last to know about it — sie erfuhr es als letzte

3) (day, moment[s])

to or till the last — bis zuletzt; see also academic.ru/8875/breathe">breathe 2. 1)

4)

at [long] last — endlich; schließlich [doch noch]
II intransitive verb
1) (continue) andauern; [Wetter, Ärger:] anhalten

last all night — die ganze Nacht dauern

last till — dauern bis

last from... to... — von... bis... dauern

built to last — dauerhaft gebaut

it can't/won't last — das geht nicht mehr lange so

it's too good to last — es ist zu schön, um von Dauer zu sein

2) (manage to continue) es aushalten

3) (suffice) reichen

while stocks last — solange Vorrat reicht

this knife will last [me] a lifetime — dies Messer hält mein ganzes Leben
III noun
(for shoemaker) Leisten, der

* * *
I 1. adjective
1) (coming at the end: We set out on the last day of November; He was last in the race; He caught the last bus home.) letzt

2) (most recent; next before the present: Our last house was much smaller than this; last year/month/week.) letzt

3) (coming or remaining after all the others: He was the last guest to leave.) letzt
2. adverb
(at the end of or after all the others: He took his turn last.) zuletzt

- lastly
- at long last
- at last
- hear
- see the last of
- the last person
- the last straw
- the last thing
- the last word
- on one's last legs
- to the last II verb
1) (to continue to exist: This situation lasted until she got married; I hope this fine weather lasts.) andauern

2) (to remain in good condition or supply: This carpet has lasted well; The bread won't last another two days - we'll need more; This coat will last me until I die.) sich halten

•

- lasting
- last out
* * *

last¹

[lɑ:st, AM læst]

n Leisten m

▶ the cobbler should stick to his \last ( prov) Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten prov

last²

[lɑ:st, AM læst]

I. adj inv

1. attr (after all the others)

▪ the \last... der/die/das letzte...

they caught the \last bus sie nahmen den letzten Bus

to arrive/come \last als Letzte(r) f(m) ankommen/kommen

to plan sth [down] to the \last detail etw bis ins kleinste Detail planen

to do sth \last thing etw als Letztes tun

I always switch on the washing machine \last thing [at night] ich mache als Letztes vor dem Schlafengehen immer noch die Waschmaschine an

the second/third \last door die vor-/drittletzte Tür

the \last one der/die/das Letzte

our house is the \last one on the left before the traffic lights unser Haus ist das Letzte links vor der Ampel

to be the \last one to do sth etw als Letzte(r) tun

she was the \last one to arrive sie kam als Letzte an

2. (lowest in order, rank) letzte(r, s)

the Mets will surely finish the season in \last place die Mets werden am Ende der Saison sicher Tabellenletzte sein

▪ to be [or come] \last Letzte(r) f(m) sein; (in a race, competition) Letzte(r) f(m) werden

to be fourth/third from \last Viert-/Drittletzte(r) f(m) sein

to be \last but one [or next to \last] [or second [to] \last] Vorletzte(r) f(m) sein

3. attr (final, remaining) letzte(r, s)

I'll give you one \last chance ich gebe dir eine letzte Chance

this is the \last time I do him a favour das ist das letzte Mal, dass ich ihm einen Gefallen tue

can I have the \last piece of chocolate? darf ich das letzte Stück Schokolade essen?

I'm down to my \last 50p ich habe nur noch 50 Pence

it's our \last hope das ist unsere letzte Hoffnung

these are the \last of our supplies das sind unsere letzten Vorräte

he calculated the costs down to the \last penny er hat die Kosten bis auf den letzten Penny berechnet

I'm almost finished — this is the \last but one box to empty ich bin fast fertig — das ist schon die vorletzte Kiste, die ich noch ausräumen muss

to the \last man MIL bis auf den letzten Mann

at the \last minute/moment in letzter Minute/im letzten Moment

till/to the \last minute [or [possible] moment] bis zur letzten Minute/zum letzten Moment

he always leaves important decisions to the \last possible moment er schiebt wichtige Entscheidungen immer bis zum letzten Moment hinaus

he waited till the \last minute to submit an offer er wartete mit seinem Angebot bis zur letzten Minute

as a [or BRIT also in the] \last resort im äußersten Notfall

police are supposed to use guns only as a \last resort die Polizei soll nur im äußersten Notfall von der Waffe Gebrauch machen

that's my \last word [on the subject] das ist mein letztes Wort [zu diesem Thema]

to have the \last word das letzte Wort haben

at long \last schließlich und endlich, zu guter Letzt

at long \last the government is starting to listen to our problems endlich wird die Regierung einmal auf unsere Probleme aufmerksam

4. attr (most recent, previous) letzte(r, s)

when was the \last time you had a cigarette? wann hast du zum letzten Mal eine Zigarette geraucht?

did you hear the storm \last night? hast du letzte Nacht den Sturm gehört?

did you see the news on TV \last night? hast du gestern Abend die Nachrichten im Fernsehen gesehen?

sb's \last album/book jds letztes Album/Buch

\last month/November letzten Monat/November

\last Sunday [or on Sunday \last] letzten Sonntag

your letter of Sunday \last ( form) Ihr Brief von letztem Sonntag

the results from \last Sunday:

\last Sunday's results die Ergebnisse vom letzten Sonntag

\last week/year letzte Woche/letztes Jahr

the week/year before \last vorletzte Woche/vorletztes Jahr

in the \last five years in den letzten fünf Jahren

5. attr (most unlikely)

▪ the \last sb/sth der/die/das Letzte

she was the \last person I expected to see sie hätte ich am allerwenigsten erwartet

the \last thing I wanted was to make you unhappy das Letzte, was ich wollte, war dich unglücklich zu machen

he's the \last person I want to see at the moment er ist der Letzte, den ich im Moment sehen möchte

the \last thing she needed is a husband eine Ehemann hatte ihr gerade noch gefehlt! iron

6.

▶ to have the \last laugh zuletzt lachen fig; (show everybody) es allen zeigen

I'll have the \last laugh [over you]! dir werd ich's schon noch zeigen! fam

▶ the \last laugh is on sb jd lacht zuletzt fig

▶ sth is on its \last legs ( fam) etw gibt bald den Geist auf [o macht es nicht mehr lange] fam

the foundry business was on its \last legs das Gießereigeschäft pfiff auf dem letzten Loch sl

▶ sb is on their \last legs ( fam: very tired) jd ist fix und fertig fam, jd pfeift auf dem letzten Loch sl; (near to death) jd macht es nicht mehr lange fam

▶ to be the \last straw das Fass [endgültig] zum Überlaufen bringen fig

▶ to be the \last word ( fam) zurzeit das Beste [o Nonplusultra] sein

digital audio is the \last word in sound reproduction digitales Audio ist zurzeit das Nonplusultra im Bereich der Klangwiedergabe

II. adv inv

1. (most recently) das letzte Mal, zuletzt

I \last saw him three weeks ago ich habe ihn zuletzt [o das letzte Mal] vor drei Wochen gesehen

when did you have a cigarette \last [or \last have a cigarette]? wann hast du das letzte Mal geraucht?

2. (after the others) als Letzte(r, s)

the horse came in \last das Pferd kam als Letztes ins Ziel

until \last bis zuletzt [o zum Schluss

3. (lastly) zuletzt, zum Schluss

\last, and most important... der letzte und wichtigste Punkt...

and \last, I'd like to thank you all for coming und zum Schluss möchte ich Ihnen allen dafür danken, dass Sie gekommen sind

\last but not [or by no means] least nicht zu vergessen, nicht zuletzt

\last but not least, I'd like to thank you for coming und ich möchte mich nicht zuletzt auch für ihr Kommen bedanken

III. n

<pl ->

1. (one after all the others)

▪ the \last der/die/das Letzte

she was the \last to arrive sie kam als Letzte

the \last but one esp BRIT, AUS [or AM the next to \last] der/die/das Vorletzte

to be the \last to do sth als Letzte(r) f(m) etw tun

why are they always the \last to arrive? warum kommen sie immer als Letzte?

why is he always the \last to be told? warum erfährt er immer alles als Letzter?

2. (only one left, final one)

▪ the \last der/die/das Letzte

she was the \last of the great educational reformers sie war die Letzte der großen Schulreformer

to breathe one's \last den letzten Atemzug tun

3. (remainder)

▪ the \last der letzte Rest

that was the \last of the real coffee das war der letzte Rest Bohnenkaffee

the \last of the ice cream/strawberries der letzte Rest Eis/Erdbeeren

4. (most recent, previous one)

▪ the \last der/die/das Letzte

the \last we heard of her was that... das Letzte, was wir von ihr hörten, war, dass...

the \last I heard she had lost her job das Letzte was ich von ihr weiß ist, dass sie ihren Job verloren hatte

the \last we heard from her,... als wir das letzte Mal von ihr hörten,...

the \last we saw of her,... als wir sie das letzte Mal sahen,...

that was the \last we saw of her das war das letzte Mal, das wir sie gesehen haben, seitdem haben wir sie nie wieder gesehen

5. usu sing SPORT (last position) letzter Platz

Lion Cavern came from \last in a slowly run race Lion Cavern holte in einem langsamen Rennen vom letzten Platz auf

6. BOXING

▪ the \last die letzte Runde

7. ( fam: end)

the dying embers sparked their \last die Funken verglühten

you haven't heard the \last of this! das letzte Wort ist hier noch nicht gesprochen!

we'll never hear the \last of it if they win wenn sie gewinnen, müssen wir uns das endlos anhören fam

to see the \last of sth ( fam) etw nie wieder sehen müssen

at \last endlich

I've finished my essay at \last! endlich habe ich meinen Essay fertig!

to the \last ( form: until the end) bis zuletzt; (utterly) durch und durch

to defend one's principles to the \last seine Prinzipien bis zuletzt verteidigen

she is patriotic to the \last sie ist durch und durch patriotisch

last³

[lɑ:st, AM læst]

I. vi

1. (go on for) [an]dauern

it was only a short trip, but very enjoyable while it \lasted die Reise war zwar nur kurz, aber insgesamt sehr angenehm

to \last [for] a month/week einen Monat/eine Woche dauern

the rain is expected to \last all weekend der Regen soll das gesamte Wochenende anhalten

2. (endure) halten; enthusiasm, intentions anhalten

this is too good to \last das ist zu gut, um wahr zu sein

it's the only battery we've got, so make it \last wir habe nur diese eine Batterie — verwende sie also sparsam

her previous secretary only \lasted a month ihre vorige Sekretärin blieb nur einen Monat

you won't \last long in this job if... du wirst diesen Job nicht lange behalten, wenn...

he wouldn't \last five minutes in the army! er würde keine fünf Minuten beim Militär überstehen!

built to \last für die Ewigkeit gebaut

II. vt

▪ to \last sb supplies etc [aus]reichen; car, machine halten

we've only got enough supplies to \last us a week unsere Vorräte werden nur eine Woche reichen

to \last five years fünf Jahre halten

to \last [sb] a lifetime ein Leben lang halten

if you look after your teeth they will \last you a lifetime wenn du deine Zähne gut pflegst, wirst du sie dein Leben lang behalten

* * *
I [lAːst]
1. adj

1) letzte(r, s)

he was last to arrive — er kam als Letzter an

the last person — der Letzte

the last but one, the second last (one) — der/die/das Vorletzte

the third last house — das drittletzte Haus

(the) last one there buys the drinks! — der Letzte or wer als Letzter ankommt, zahlt die Getränke

last Monday, on Monday last — letzten Montag

last year — letztes Jahr, im vorigen Jahr

during the last 20 years, these last 20 years — in den letzten 20 Jahren

last but not least — nicht zuletzt, last not least

2)

(= most unlikely, unsuitable etc) that's the last thing I worry about — das ist das Letzte, worüber ich mir Sorgen machen würde

that was the last thing I expected — damit hatte ich am wenigsten gerechnet

that's the last thing I wanted to happen —

he's the last person I want to see — er ist der Letzte, den ich sehen möchte

you're the last person to be entrusted with it — du bist der Letzte, dem man das anvertrauen kann

2. n

1) (= final one or part, one before) der/die/das Letzte

he was the last of the visitors to leave — er ging als Letzter der Besucher

I'm always the last to know — ich erfahre immer alles als Letzter

he withdrew the last of his money from the bank — er hob sein letztes Geld von der Bank ab

each one is better than the last — eins ist besser als das andere

this is the last of the cake — das ist der Rest des Kuchens

that's the last of the fighting — jetzt hat der Kampf ein Ende

that was the last we saw of him —

the last we heard of him was... — das Letzte, was wir von ihm hörten, war...

that was the last we heard of it/him — seitdem haben wir nichts mehr darüber/von ihm gehört

I hope this is the last we'll hear of it — ich hoffe, damit ist die Sache erledigt

the last I heard, they were getting married — das Letzte, was ich gehört habe, war, dass sie heiraten

I shall be glad to see the last of this/him — ich bin froh, wenn ich das hinter mir habe/wenn ich den los bin (inf) or wenn ich den nicht mehr sehe

we shall never hear the last of it —

to look one's last on sth my last (Comm) — den letzten Blick auf etw (acc) werfen mein letztes Schreiben

2)

at last — endlich

at long last — schließlich und endlich

so you're ready at long last! — du bist also endlich fertig geworden!

to the last — bis zum Schluss

3. adv

when did you last have a bath or have a bath last? — wann hast du das letzte Mal gebadet?

I last heard from him a month ago — vor einem Monat habe ich das letzte Mal von ihm gehört

he spoke last — er sprach als Letzter

the horse came in last — das Pferd ging als letztes durchs Ziel
II
1. vt

it will last me/a careful user a lifetime — das hält/bei vernünftiger Benutzung hält es ein Leben lang

the car has lasted me eight years — das Auto hat acht Jahre (lang) gehalten

these cigarettes will last me a week — diese Zigaretten reichen mir eine Woche

I didn't think he'd last the week — ich hätte nicht gedacht, dass er die Woche durchhält

2. vi
(= continue) dauern; (= remain intact cloth, flowers, marriage) halten
it can't last — es hält nicht an

it won't last — es wird nicht lange anhalten or so bleiben

it's too good to last — das ist zu schön, um wahr zu sein

he'll stay as long as the beer lasts — er bleibt, solange Bier da ist

will this material last? — ist dieses Material haltbar or dauerhaft?

none of his girlfriends lasts for long — bei ihm hält sich keine Freundin lange

he won't last long in this job — er wird in dieser Stelle nicht alt werden (inf)

the previous boss only lasted a week — der letzte Chef blieb nur eine Woche
III
n
Leisten m
cobbler, stick to your last! — Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten!

* * *

last¹ [lɑːst; US læst]

A adj (adv → lastly)

1. letzt(er, e, es):

the last two die beiden Letzten;

last but one vorletzt(er, e, es);

last but two drittletzt(er, e, es);

for the last time zum letzten Mal;

to the last man bis auf den letzten Mann;

the Last Day REL der Jüngste Tag;

Last Frontier US (Beiname für den Staat) Alaska n;

last letter Abschiedsbrief m;

last name bes US Familien-, Nach-, Zuname m;

last number recall ( oder redial) TEL Wahlwiederholung f;

last rites REL Sterbesakramente;

last thing als Letztes (besonders vor dem Schlafengehen);

be last SPORT etc an letzter Stelle liegen; → home A 4, honor B 2, judgment 6 b, etc

2. letzt(er, e, es), vorig(er, e, es):

last Monday, Monday last (am) letzten oder vorigen Montag;

last night

a) gestern Abend,

b) in der vergangenen Nacht, letzte Nacht;

last week in der letzten oder vorigen Woche, letzte oder vorige Woche

3. neuest(er, e, es), letzt(er, e, es):

the last news;

the last thing in jazz das Neueste im Jazz; → word Bes Redew

4. letzt(er, e, es) (allein übrig bleibend):

my last hope ( pound, etc)

5. letzt(er, e, es), endgültig, entscheidend: → word Bes Redew

6. äußerst(er, e, es):

the last degree der höchste Grad;

of the last importance von höchster Bedeutung;

my last price mein äußerster oder niedrigster Preis

7. letzt(er, e, es) (am wenigsten erwartet oder geeignet):

the last man I would choose der Letzte, den ich wählen würde;

he was the last person I expected to see mit ihm oder mit seiner Gegenwart hatte ich am wenigsten gerechnet;

the last thing I would do das Letzte, was ich tun würde;

this is the last thing to happen es ist sehr unwahrscheinlich, dass das geschieht

8. letzt(er, e, es), miserabelst(er, e, es), scheußlichst(er, e, es):

the last form of vice

B adv

1. zuletzt, als Letzt(er, e, es), an letzter Stelle:

he came last er kam als Letzter;

last but not least last, (but) not least; nicht zuletzt; nicht zu vergessen;

last of all zuallerletzt, ganz zuletzt

2. zuletzt, zum letzten Mal:

I last met her in Berlin

3. schließlich, zu guter Letzt

4. letzt…:

last-mentioned letztgenannt, -erwähnt

C s

1. (der, die, das) Letzte:

the last to arrive der Letzte, der ankam;

he was the last to come er kam als Letzter;

he would be the last to say such a thing er wäre der Letzte, der so etwas sagen würde

2. (der, die, das) Letzte oder Letztgenannte

3. umg kurz für last baby, last letter etc:

I wrote in my last ich schrieb in meinem letzten Brief;

this is our last das ist unser Jüngstes

4. umg

a) letzte Erwähnung

b) letztmaliger Anblick

c) letztes Mal: → Bes Redew

5. Ende n:

a) Schluss m

b) Tod m: → Bes RedewBesondere Redewendungen: at last

a) endlich,

b) schließlich, zuletzt;

at long last schließlich (doch noch), nach langem Warten;

to the last

a) bis zum Äußersten,

b) bis zum Ende oder Schluss,

c) bis zum Tod;

breathe one’s last seinen letzten Atemzug tun, sein Leben aushauchen;

hear the last of

a) zum letzten Male hören von,

b) nichts mehr hören von;

we’ve seen the last of him den sehen wir nie mehr wieder;

we’ll never see the last of that guy den Kerl werden wir nie mehr los

last² [lɑːst; US læst]

A v/i

1. (an-, fort)dauern:

too good to last zu schön, um lange zu währen

2. bestehen:

as long as the world lasts

3. auch last out durch-, aus-, standhalten, sich halten:

he won’t last much longer er wird es nicht mehr lange machen (auch Kranker);

he didn’t last long in that job er hat es in dieser Stelle nicht lange ausgehalten

4. (sich) halten:

the paint will last die Farbe wird halten;

the book will last das Buch wird sich (lange) halten;

last well haltbar sein

5. auch last out (aus)reichen, genügen:

while the money lasts solange das Geld reicht;

while stocks last solange der Vorrat reicht;

we must make our supplies last wir müssen mit unseren Vorräten auskommen

B v/t

1. jemandem reichen:

it will last us a week damit kommen wir eine Woche aus

2. meist last out

a) überdauern, -leben,

b) (es mindestens) ebenso lange aushalten wie

last³ [lɑːst; US læst] s Leisten m:

put shoes on the last Schuhe über den Leisten schlagen;

stick to one’s last fig bei seinem Leisten bleiben

last⁴ [lɑːst; US læst] s Last f (Gewicht oder Hohlmaß, verschieden nach Ware und Ort, meist etwa 4000 englische Pfund oder 30 hl)

* * *
I 1. adjective
letzt...

be last to arrive — als letzter/letzte ankommen

for the [very] last time — zum [aller]letzten Mal

who was last? — wer war letzter?

the last two — die letzten beiden

he came last — er war letzter

second last, last but one — vorletzt...

last but not least — last, not least; nicht zuletzt

last evening/night was windy — gestern abend/gestern od. heute nacht war es windig

last evening/week we were out — gestern abend/letzte Woche waren wir aus

that would be the last thing to do in this situation — das wäre das Letzte, was man in dieser Situation tun würde
2. adverb
1) [ganz] zuletzt; als letzter/letzte [sprechen, ankommen]

2) (on last previous occasion) das letzte Mal; zuletzt

when did you last see him or see him last? — wann hast du ihn zuletzt od. das letzte Mal gesehen?
3. noun
1) (mention, sight)

I shall never hear the last of it — das werde ich ständig zu hören bekommen

you haven't heard the last of this matter — das letzte Wort in dieser Sache ist noch nicht gesprochen

that was the last we ever saw of him — das war das letzte Mal, daß wir ihn gesehen haben

2) (person or thing) letzter...

these last — letztere

I'm always the last to be told — ich bin immer der letzte, der etwas erfährt

she was the last to know about it — sie erfuhr es als letzte

3) (day, moment[s])

to or till the last — bis zuletzt; see also breathe 2. 1)

4)

at [long] last — endlich; schließlich [doch noch]
II intransitive verb
1) (continue) andauern; [Wetter, Ärger:] anhalten

last all night — die ganze Nacht dauern

last till — dauern bis

last from... to... — von... bis... dauern

built to last — dauerhaft gebaut

it can't/won't last — das geht nicht mehr lange so

it's too good to last — es ist zu schön, um von Dauer zu sein

2) (manage to continue) es aushalten

3) (suffice) reichen

while stocks last — solange Vorrat reicht

this knife will last [me] a lifetime — dies Messer hält mein ganzes Leben
III noun
(for shoemaker) Leisten, der

* * *

adj.

letzt adj.

letzter adj.

letztes adj.

vorig adj.

zuletzt adj. (weather) v.

andauern (Wetter) v. v.

andauern v.

dauern v.

English-german dictionary > last
4 last

Ⅰ.

last¹ [lɑ:st]

1 adjective

(a) (with dates, times of day) dernier;

∎ last Monday lundi dernier;

∎ last week/year la semaine/l'année dernière;

∎ last July en juillet dernier, l'année dernière au mois de juillet;

∎ last night (at night) cette nuit, la nuit dernière; (in the evening) hier soir

(b) (final) dernier;

∎ the last train le dernier train;

∎ the last guest to arrive le dernier des invités à arriver;

∎ the last syllable but one l'avant-dernière syllabe;

∎ that was the last time I saw him c'était la dernière fois que je le voyais;

∎ that's the last time I do HIM a favour c'est la dernière fois que je lui rends service;

∎ it's your last chance c'est votre dernière chance;

∎ at the last minute or moment à la dernière minute, au dernier moment;

∎ it's our last day here c'est notre dernière journée ici;

∎ I'm down to my last cigarette il ne me reste plus qu'une seule cigarette;

∎ they were down to their last few bullets il ne leur restait pratiquement plus de munitions;

∎ one of the last few survivors un des tout derniers survivants;

∎ the last two pages les deux dernières pages;

∎ I'll sack every last one of them! je vais tous les virer!;

∎ every last scrap of bread had been eaten on avait mangé jusqu'à la dernière miette;

∎ she used up every last ounce of energy elle a utilisé tout ce qui lui restait d'énergie;

∎ to the last detail dans les moindres détails;

∎ American the movie was her last hurrah c'est avec ce film qu'elle a fait ses adieux au cinéma;

∎ the concert was her last hurrah c'est avec ce concert qu'elle a fait ses adieux au public;

∎ they were prepared to fight to the last man ils étaient prêts à se battre jusqu'au dernier;

∎ she was on her last legs elle était au bout du rouleau;

∎ your car is on its last legs votre voiture ne va pas tarder à vous lâcher;

∎ the regime is on its last legs le régime vit ses derniers jours ou est au bord de l'effondrement;

∎ I'll get my money back if it's the last thing I do je récupérerai mon argent coûte que coûte;

∎ I always clean my teeth last thing at night je me brosse toujours les dents juste avant de me coucher;

∎ we finished the work last thing on Tuesday afternoon on a terminé le travail juste avant de partir mardi après-midi

(c) (most recent) dernier;

∎ you said that last time c'est ce que tu as dit la dernière fois;

∎ this time last year we were in New York l'année dernière à cette époque nous étions à New York;

∎ I've been here for the last five years je suis ici depuis cinq ans, cela fait cinq ans que je suis ici;

∎ I haven't been to church for the last few weeks je ne suis pas allé à l'église ces dernières semaines;

∎ I didn't like her last film je n'ai pas aimé son dernier film

(d) (least likely)

∎ he's the last person I expected to see c'est bien la dernière personne que je m'attendais à voir;

∎ he's the last person I'd ask to help me c'est (bien) la dernière personne à qui je demanderais de l'aide;

∎ that's the last thing that's worrying me ça c'est le cadet de mes soucis;

∎ that's the last place I'd have looked c'est bien le dernier endroit où j'aurais cherché;

∎ that's the last thing I wanted je n'avais vraiment pas besoin de ça;

∎ you're the last one to criticize tu es vraiment mal placé pour critiquer

2 adverb

(a) (finally)

∎ she arrived last elle est arrivée la dernière ou en dernier;

∎ she came or finished last (in race) elle est arrivée dernière;

∎ and last but not least… et en dernier, mais non par ordre d'importance,…;

∎ last but not least on the list we have M. Livingstone et enfin sur la liste, je ne voudrais pas oublier M. Livingstone

(b) (most recently)

∎ when did you last see him? quand l'avez-vous vu la dernière fois?;

∎ they last came to see us in 1989 leur dernière visite remonte à 1989;

∎ I can't remember when I last ate je ne sais plus quand j'ai pris mon dernier repas;

∎ Commerce & Finance last in, first out dernier entré, premier sorti

(c) (lastly) enfin, en dernier lieu;

∎ last, I would like to say… et pour finir, je voudrais dire…

3 noun

(a) (final one) dernier(ère) m,f;

∎ am I the last? (to arrive) suis-je le dernier?;

∎ the last in the class le dernier de la classe;

∎ she was the last to arrive elle est arrivée la dernière;

∎ the last of the Romanovs le dernier des Romanov;

∎ the next to last, the last but one l'avant-dernier;

∎ Bible the last shall be first les derniers seront les premiers

(b) (previous one)

∎ each more handsome than the last tous plus beaux les uns que les autres;

∎ the day before last avant-hier;

∎ the night before last (at night) la nuit d'avant-hier; (in the evening) avant-hier soir;

∎ the winter before last l'hiver d'il y a deux ans;

∎ the Prime Minister before last l'avant-dernier Premier ministre

(c) (end)

∎ that was the last I saw of her c'est la dernière fois que je l'ai vue, je ne l'ai pas revue depuis;

∎ I hope that's the last we see of them j'espère qu'on ne les reverra plus;

∎ I'll never see the last of this! je n'en verrai jamais la fin!, je n'en viendrai jamais à bout!;

∎ I think we've heard the last of him je pense qu'on n'en entendra plus parler;

∎ we'll never hear the last of it on n'a pas fini d'en entendre parler;

∎ you haven't heard the last of this! (as threat) vous aurez de mes nouvelles!;

∎ leave the pans till last gardez les casseroles pour la fin, lavez les casseroles en dernier;

∎ literary to look one's last on sth voir qch pour la dernière fois;

∎ literary to breathe one's last rendre le dernier soupir;

∎ literary to be near one's last (death) être proche de sa fin

(d) (remainder) reste m;

∎ we drank the last of the wine on a bu ce qui restait de vin

4 at last adverb

enfin;

∎ free at last enfin libre;

∎ at long last enfin;

∎ now at last I understand enfin, je comprends;

∎ at long last she's found a job she enjoys elle a enfin trouvé un emploi qui lui plaît;

∎ at last! where on earth have you been? (te voilà) enfin! mais où étais-tu donc?;

∎ at last he said: "do you forgive me?" enfin il demanda: "tu me pardonnes?"

5 at the last adverb

∎ formal at the last the judges came out in her favour à la dernière minute, les juges ont décidé en sa faveur;

∎ she was there at the last elle est restée jusqu'au bout

6 to the last adverb

jusqu'au bout;

∎ faithful to the last fidèle jusqu'au bout;

∎ she insisted to the last that she was not guilty elle a dit jusqu'au bout qu'elle n'était pas coupable

►► American last call = dans un bar, moment où le barman annonce que l'heure de la fermeture approche et qu'il s'apprête à servir les dernières consommations;

the Last Frontier = surnom donné à l'Alaska;

the Last Judgment le Jugement dernier;

last name nom m de famille;

Telecommunications last number redial touche f bis;

British last orders = dans un pub, moment où le barman annonce que l'heure de la fermeture approche et qu'il s'apprête à servir les dernières consommations;

British Military last post (at night) extinction f des feux; (at funeral) sonnerie f aux morts;

∎ to sound the last post (over the grave) jouer la sonnerie aux morts;

last rites derniers sacrements mpl;

the Last Supper la (sainte) Cène;

Stock Exchange last trading day dernier jour m de cotation;

last word (final decision) dernier mot m; (latest style) dernier cri m;

∎ the Treasury has the last word on defence spending le ministère des Finances a le dernier mot en matière de dépenses militaires;

∎ she was wearing the very last word in hats elle portait un chapeau du dernier cri

✾ Book ✾ Film 'Last Exit to Brooklyn' Selby, Edel 'Dernière sortie pour Brooklyn'

Ⅱ.

last² [lɑ:st]

1 intransitive verb

(a) (continue to exist or function) durer;

∎ it's too good to last c'est trop beau pour durer;

∎ if the good weather lasts si le beau temps se maintient;

∎ it lasted (for) ten days cela a duré dix jours;

∎ how long did the film last? combien de temps le film a-t-il duré?, quelle était la durée du film?;

∎ how long can we last without water? combien de temps tiendrons-nous sans eau?;

∎ the supplies will not last two months les vivres ne feront pas deux mois;

∎ he didn't last more than a year as a singer il n'a pas tenu plus d'un an dans la chanson;

∎ their romance didn't last (for) long leur idylle n'a pas duré longtemps;

∎ he won't last long (in job) il ne tiendra pas longtemps; (will soon die) il n'en a plus pour longtemps;

∎ the batteries didn't last (for) long les piles n'ont pas duré longtemps;

∎ familiar cakes never last long in this house (they get eaten quickly) les gâteaux ne durent jamais très longtemps dans cette maison;

∎ built/made to last construit/fait pour durer

(b) (be enough)

∎ we've got enough food to last another week nous avons assez à manger pour une semaine encore

(c) (keep fresh → food) se conserver;

∎ these flowers don't last (long) ces fleurs ne tiennent ou ne durent pas (longtemps)

2 transitive verb

∎ his money didn't last him to the end of the holiday il n'a pas eu assez d'argent pour tenir jusqu'à la fin des vacances;

∎ have we got enough to last us until tomorrow? en avons-nous assez pour tenir ou aller jusqu'à demain?;

∎ my camera's lasted me ten years mon appareil photo a duré dix ans;

∎ that fountain pen will last you a lifetime vous pourrez garder ce stylo à plume toute votre vie;

∎ it has lasted him well ça lui a fait de l'usage;

∎ she couldn't last the pace elle n'a pas pu tenir le rythme

➲ last out

1 intransitive verb

(a) (survive) tenir;

∎ I'm not sure I'll last out at this job je ne sais pas si je pourrai faire ce travail longtemps;

∎ how long will he last out? combien de temps peut-il tenir?

(b) (be enough) suffire;

∎ will our supplies last out till the end of the month? les provisions suffiront-elles jusqu'à la fin du mois?

2 separable transitive verb

∎ he didn't last the night out il n'a pas passé la nuit, il est mort pendant la nuit;

∎ will the play last out the month? est-ce que la pièce tiendra le mois?;

∎ to last the year out (person) survivre jusqu'à la fin de l'année; (supplies) suffire pour l'année;

∎ my overcoat will last the winter out mon pardessus fera encore l'hiver;

∎ I don't know if I'll be able to last out the afternoon without any coffee je ne sais pas si j'arriverai à tenir tout l'après-midi sans café

Ⅲ.

last³

noun

(for shoes) forme f

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > last
5 over

1.
['əʊvə(r)]adverb

1) (outward and downward) hinüber

2) (so as to cover surface)

draw/board/cover over — zuziehen/-nageln/-decken

3) (with motion above something)

climb/look/jump over — hinüber- od. (ugs.) rüberklettern/-sehen/-springen

4) (so as to reverse position etc.) herum

switch over — umschalten [Programm, Sender]

it rolled over and over — es rollte und rollte

5) (across a space) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber

he swam over to us/the other side — er schwamm zu uns herüber/hinüber zur anderen Seite

fly over — vorüberfliegen

over here/there — (direction) hier herüber/dort hinüber; (location) hier/dort

they are over [here] for the day — sie sind einen Tag hier

ask somebody over [for dinner] — jemanden [zum Essen] einladen

6) (Radio)

[come in, please,] over — übernehmen Sie bitte

over and out — Ende

7) (in excess etc.)

children of 12 and over — Kinder im Alter von zwölf Jahren und darüber

be [left] over — übrig [geblieben] sein

have over — übrig haben [Geld]

9 into 28 goes 3 and 1 over — 28 geteilt durch neun ist gleich 3, Rest 1

it's a bit over — (in weight) es ist ein bisschen mehr

8) (from beginning to end) von Anfang bis Ende

say something twice over — etwas wiederholen od. zweimal sagen

over and over [again] — immer wieder

several times over — mehrmals

9) (at an end) vorbei; vorüber

be over — vorbei sein; [Aufführung:] zu Ende sein

get something over with — etwas hinter sich (Akk.) bringen

be over and done with — erledigt sein

10)

all over — (completely finished) aus [und vorbei]; (in or on one's whole body etc.) überall; (in characteristic attitude) typisch

I ache all over — mir tut alles weh

be shaking all over — am ganzen Körper zittern

embroidered all over with flowers — ganz mit Blumen bestickt

that is him/something all over — das ist typisch für ihn/etwas

11) (overleaf) umseitig

see over — siehe Rückseite
2. preposition
1) (above) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)

2) (on) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)

hit somebody over the head — jemandem auf den Kopf schlagen

carry a coat over one's arm — einen Mantel über dem Arm tragen

over the page — auf der nächsten Seite

3) (in or across every part of) [überall] in (+ Dat.); (to and fro upon) über (+ Akk.); (all through) durch

all over — (in or on all parts of) überall in (+ Dat.)

travel all over the country — das ganze Land bereisen

all over Spain — überall in Spanien

she spilt wine all over her skirt — sie hat sich (Dat.) Wein über den ganzen Rock geschüttet

all over the world — in der ganzen Welt

4) (round about) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)

a sense of gloom hung over him — ihn umgab eine gedrückte Stimmung

5) (on account of) wegen

laugh over something — über etwas (Akk.) lachen

6) (engaged with) bei

take trouble over something — sich (Dat.) mit etwas Mühe geben

be a long time over something — lange für etwas brauchen

over work/dinner/a cup of tea — bei der Arbeit/beim Essen/bei einer Tasse Tee

7) (superior to, in charge of) über (+ Akk.)

have command/authority over somebody — Befehlsgewalt über jemanden/Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

be over somebody — (in rank) über jemandem stehen

8) (beyond, more than) über (+ Akk.)

an increase over last year's total — eine Zunahme gegenüber der letztjährigen Gesamtmenge

it's been over a month since... — es ist über einen Monat her, dass...

over and above — zusätzlich zu

9) (in comparison with)

a decrease over last year — eine Abnahme gegenüber dem letzten Jahr

10) (out and down from etc.) über (+ Akk.)

look over a wall — über eine Mauer sehen

the window looks over the street — das Fenster geht zur Straße hinaus

fall over a cliff — von einem Felsen stürzen

11) (across) über (+ Akk.)

the pub over the road — die Wirtschaft auf der anderen Straßenseite od. gegenüber

climb over the wall — über die Mauer steigen od. klettern

be over the worst — das Schlimmste hinter sich (Dat.) od. überstanden haben

be over an illness — eine Krankheit überstanden haben

12) (throughout, during) über (+ Akk.)

stay over Christmas/the weekend/Wednesday — über Weihnachten/das Wochenende/bis Donnerstag bleiben

over the summer — den Sommer über

over the past years — in den letzten Jahren

* * *
['əuvə] 1. preposition
1) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) über

2) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) über

3) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) über

4) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) über

5) (about: a quarrel over money.) wegen

6) (by means of: He spoke to her over the telephone.) durch

7) (during: Over the years, she grew to hate her husband.) während

8) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) über
2. adverb
1) (higher, moving etc above: The plane flew over about an hour ago.)

2) (used to show movement, change of position: He rolled over on his back; He turned over the page.)

3) (across: He went over and spoke to them.)

4) (downwards: He fell over.)

5) (higher in number etc: for people aged twenty and over.)

6) (remaining: There are two cakes for each of us, and two over.)

7) (through from beginning to end, carefully: Read it over; Talk it over between you.)
3. adjective
(finished: The affair is over now.) über
4. noun
((in cricket) a certain number of balls bowled from one end of the wicket: He bowled thirty overs in the match.) das Over
5. as part of a word
1) (too (much), as in overdo.) über...

2) (in a higher position, as in overhead.) ober...

3) (covering, as in overcoat.) über...

4) (down from an upright position, as in overturn.) um...

5) (completely, as in overcome.) über...

•

- academic.ru/117784/over_again">over again
- over all
- over and done with
* * *

over

[ˈəʊvəʳ, AM ˈoʊvɚ]

I. adv inv, pred

1. (across) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber

come \over here komm hierher

why don't you come \over for dinner on Thursday? kommt doch am Donnerstag zum Abendessen zu uns

he is flying \over from the States tomorrow er kommt morgen aus den Staaten 'rüber fam

I've got a friend \over from Canada this week ich habe diese Woche einen Freund aus Kanada zu Besuch

to move [sth] \over [etw] [beiseite] rücken

2. (on the other side) drüben; (on speaker's side) herüben

I've got a friend \over in Munich ein Freund von mir lebt in München

\over the sea in Übersee

\over there dort [drüben]

3. (another way up) auf die andere Seite

the dog rolled \over onto its back der Hund rollte sich auf den Rücken

to turn sth \over etw umdrehen

to turn a page \over [eine Seite] umblättern

\over and \over [immer wieder] um sich akk selbst

the children rolled \over and \over down the gentle slope die Kinder kugelten den leichten Abhang hinunter

4. (downwards)

to fall \over hinfallen

to knock sth \over etw umstoßen

5. (finished)

▪ to be \over vorbei [o aus] sein

the game was \over by 5 o'clock das Spiel war um 5 Uhr zu Ende

it's all \over between us zwischen uns ist es aus

that's all \over now damit ist es jetzt vorbei

to be all \over bar the shouting so gut wie gelaufen sein fam

to get sth \over with etw abschließen

to get sth \over and done with etw hinter sich akk bringen

6. AVIAT, TELEC over, Ende

\over and out Ende [der Durchsage] fam

7. (remaining)

[left] \over übrig

there were a few sandwiches left \over ein paar Sandwiches waren noch übrig

8. (thoroughly, in detail)

to read sth \over etw durchlesen

to talk sth \over etw durchsprechen

to think sth \over etw überdenken

9. (throughout)

the world \over überall auf der Welt

all \over ganz und gar

that's him all \over typisch er

I was wet all \over ich war völlig durchnässt

10. AM (again) noch einmal

all \over alles noch einmal

I'll make you write it all \over ich lasse dich alles noch einmal schreiben

to say everything twice \over alles zweimal sagen; five times \over fünfmal hintereinander

\over and \over immer [o wieder und] wieder

11. (sb's turn)

I've done all I can. it's now over to you ich habe alles getan, was ich konnte. jetzt bist du dran

12. RADIO, TV

and now it's \over to John Regis for his report wir geben jetzt weiter an John Regis und seinen Bericht

now we're going \over to Wembley for commentary zum Kommentar schalten wir jetzt hinüber nach Wembley

13. (more) mehr

people who are 65 and \over Menschen, die 65 Jahre oder älter sind

14.

▶ to give \over die Klappe halten sl

▶ to have one \over the eight BRIT einen sitzen haben fam

▶ to hold sth \over etw verschieben

II. prep

1. (across) über + akk

he spilled wine \over his shirt er goss sich Wein über sein Hemd

he looked \over his newspaper er schaute über seine Zeitung hinweg

2. (on the other side of) über + dat

the village is just \over the next hill das Dorf liegt hinter dem nächsten Hügel

the diagram is \over the page das Diagramm ist auf der nächsten Seite

\over the way [or road] BRIT auf der anderen Straßenseite, gegenüber

they live just \over the road from us sie wohnen uns gegenüber auf der anderen Straßenseite

3. (above) über + dat

he sat there, bent \over his books er saß da, über seine Bücher gebeugt

to have a roof \over one's head ein Dach über dem Kopf haben

4. (everywhere) [überall] in + dat; (moving everywhere) durch + akk

all \over überall in + dat

she had blood all \over her hands sie hatte die Hände voll Blut

you've got mustard all \over your face du hast Senf überall im Gesicht

all \over the country im ganzen Land

we travelled all \over the country wir haben das ganze Land bereist

all \over the world auf der ganzen Welt

to be all \over sb (sl) von jdm hingerissen sein

to show sb \over the house jdm das Haus zeigen

5. (during) in + dat

, während + gen

shall we talk about it \over a cup of coffee? sollen wir das bei einer Tasse Kaffee besprechen?

gentlemen are asked not to smoke \over dinner die Herren werden gebeten, während des Essens nicht zu rauchen

she fell asleep \over her homework sie nickte über ihren Hausaufgaben ein

\over the last few months in den letzten Monaten

\over the summer den Sommer über

\over the years mit den Jahren

6. (more than, longer than) über + akk

this shirt cost me \over £50! dieses Hemd hat mich über 50 Pfund gekostet!

they are already 25 million dollars \over budget sie haben das Budget bereits um 25 Millionen Dollar überzogen

he will not survive \over the winter er wird den Winter nicht überstehen

\over and above über + akk... hinaus

she receives an extra allowance \over and above the usual welfare payments sie bekommt über die üblichen Sozialhilfeleistungen hinaus eine zusätzliche Beihilfe

\over and above that darüber hinaus

7. (through)

he told me \over the phone er sagte es mir am Telefon

we heard the news \over the radio wir hörten die Nachricht im Radio

8. (in superiority to) über + akk

he has authority \over thirty employees er hat dreißig Mitarbeiter unter sich

she has a regional sales director \over her sie untersteht einem Gebietsvertriebsleiter

a colonel is \over a sergeant in the army ein Colonel steht über einem Sergeant in der Armee

her husband always did have a lot of influence \over her ihr Mann hat schon immer einen großen Einfluss auf sie gehabt

9. (about) über + akk

there's no point in arguing \over it es hat keinen Sinn, darüber zu streiten

don't fret \over him — he'll be alright mach dir keine Sorgen um ihn — es wird ihm schon gutgehen

we've been \over this before — no TV until you've done your homework das hatten wir doch alles schon — kein Fernsehen bis du deine Hausaufgaben gemacht hast

10. (past) über + akk... hinweg

he's not fully recovered but he's certainly \over the worst er ist zwar noch nicht wieder ganz gesund, aber er hat das Schlimmste überstanden

to be/get \over sb über die Trennung von jdm hinweg sein/kommen

to be \over an obstacle ein Hindernis überwunden haben

11. MATH (in fraction) durch + akk

48 \over 7 is roughly 7 48 durch 7 ist ungefähr 7

2 \over 5 zwei Fünftel

* * *
['əʊvə(r)]
1. prep

1) (indicating motion) über (+acc)

he spread the blanket over the bed — er breitete die Decke über das Bett

he spilled coffee over it — er goss Kaffee darüber, er vergoss Kaffee darauf

to hit sb over the head — jdm auf den Kopf schlagen

2) (indicating position = above, on top of) über (+dat)

if you hang the picture over the desk — wenn du das Bild über dem Schreibtisch aufhängst or über den Schreibtisch hängst

bent over one's books — über die Bücher gebeugt

3) (= on the other side of) über (+dat); (= to the other side of) über (+acc)

to look over the wall — über die Mauer schauen

the noise came from over the wall — der Lärm kam von der anderen Seite der Mauer

it's over the page — es ist auf der nächsten Seite

I looked over my shoulder — ich sah mir über meine Schulter

he looked over my shoulder — er sah über die Schulter

she has to keep looking over her shoulder (fig) — sie ist verängstigt

the house over the road —

the family from over the road — die Familie von gegenüber

it's just over the road from us — das ist von uns (aus) nur über die Straße

the bridge over the river — die Brücke über den Fluss

we're over the main obstacles now — wir haben jetzt die größten Hindernisse hinter uns (dat)

when they were over the river — als sie über den Fluss hinüber waren

they're all safely over the first fence — sie sind alle sicher über die erste Hürde gekommen

4) (= in or across every part of) in (+dat)

it was raining over London — es regnete in (ganz) London

they came from all over England —

I'll show you over the house — ich zeige Ihnen das Haus

you've got ink all over you/your hands — Sie/Ihre Hände sind ganz voller Tinte

a smile spread over her face — ein Lächeln breitete sich auf ihrem Gesicht aus

to be all over sb (inf) — ein Mordstheater um jdn machen (inf)

5) (= superior to) über (+dat)

to have authority over sb — Autorität über jdn haben

he has no control over his urges/his staff — er hat seine Triebe/seine Angestellten nicht unter Kontrolle

he was promoted over me — er wurde über mich befördert

we were all over them (inf) — wir waren ihnen haushoch überlegen

6) (= more than, longer than) über (+acc)

over and above that — darüber hinaus

over and above the expenses — über die Ausgaben hinaus

that was well over a year ago — das ist gut ein Jahr her, das war vor gut einem Jahr

she will not live over the winter — sie wird den Winter nicht überleben

7) (in expressions of time) über (+acc); (= during) während (+gen), in (+dat)

can we stay over the weekend? — können wir übers Wochenende bleiben?

over Christmas — über Weihnachten

over the summer — den Sommer über

over the summer we have been trying... — während des Sommers haben wir versucht...

over the (past) years I've come to realize... — im Laufe der (letzten) Jahre ist mir klar geworden...

he has mellowed over the years — er ist mit den Jahren milder geworden

the visits were spread over several months — die Besuche verteilten sich über mehrere Monate

8)

they talked over a cup of coffee —

the speeches were made over coffee — die Reden wurden beim Kaffee gehalten

let's discuss that over dinner/a beer — besprechen wir das beim Essen/bei einem Bier

they'll be a long time over it — sie werden dazu lange brauchen

he nodded off over his work — er nickte über seiner Arbeit ein

to get stuck over a difficulty — bei einer Schwierigkeit stecken bleiben

9)

he told me over the phone — er hat es mir am Telefon gesagt

I heard it over the radio — ich habe es im Radio gehört

a voice came over the intercom — eine Stimme kam über die Sprechanlage

10) (= about) über (+acc)

it's not worth arguing over —

that's nothing for you to get upset over — darüber brauchst du dich nicht aufzuregen

11)

what is 7 over 3? — wie viel ist 7 durch 3?

blood pressure of 150 over 120 — Blutdruck m von 150 zu 120

2. adv

1) (= across) (away from speaker) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber; (= on the other side) drüben

they swam over to us —

he took the fruit over to his mother when the first man is over the second starts to climb/swim — er brachte das Obst zu seiner Mutter hinüber wenn der Erste drüben angekommen ist, klettert/schwimmt der Zweite los

come over tonight — kommen Sie heute Abend vorbei

I just thought I'd come over — ich dachte, ich komme mal rüber (inf)

he is over here/there — er ist hier/dort drüben

over to you! — Sie sind daran

and now over to our reporter in Belfast — und nun schalten wir zu unserem Reporter in Belfast um

and now over to Paris where... — und nun (schalten wir um) nach Paris, wo...

he has gone over to America — er ist nach Amerika gefahren

over in America — drüben in Amerika

he drove us over to the other side of town — er fuhr uns ans andere Ende der Stadt

he went over to the enemy — er lief zum Feind über

2)

famous the world over — in der ganzen Welt berühmt

I've been looking for it all over — ich habe überall danach gesucht

I am aching all over — mir tut alles weh

you've got dirt all over — Sie sind voller Schmutz, Sie sind ganz schmutzig

he was shaking all over — er zitterte am ganzen Leib

I'm wet all over — ich bin völlig nass

he was black all over — er war von oben bis unten schwarz

the dog licked him all over — der Hund leckte ihn von oben bis unten ab

that's Fred all over — das ist typisch (für) Fred

it happens all over — das gibt es überall

3)

(indicating movement from one side to another, from upright position) to turn an object over (and over) — einen Gegenstand (immer wieder) herumdrehen

he hit her and over she went — er schlug sie, und sie fiel um

4) (= ended) film, first act, operation, fight etc zu Ende; romance, summer vorbei, zu Ende

the rain is over — der Regen hat aufgehört

the pain will soon be over — der Schmerz wird bald vorbei sein

the danger was over — die Gefahr war vorüber, es bestand keine Gefahr mehr

when all this is over — wenn das alles vorbei ist

it's all over with him — es ist Schluss or aus mit ihm

it's all over between us — es ist aus zwischen uns

5)

(indicating repetition) or over (US) — er zählte sie noch einmal

or over (US) — noch einmal (ganz) von vorn anfangen

over and over (again) — immer (und immer) wieder, wieder und wieder

he did it five times over — er hat es fünfmal wiederholt

must I say everything twice over! — muss ich denn immer alles zweimal sagen!

6) (= excessively) übermäßig, allzu

he has not done it over well — er hat es nicht gerade übermäßig gut gemacht

he is not over healthy — er ist nicht allzu gesund

there's not over much left — es ist nicht allzu viel übrig

7) (= remaining) übrig

there was no/a lot of meat (left) over — es war kein Fleisch mehr übrig/viel Fleisch übrig

7 into 22 goes 3 and 1 over — 22 durch 7 ist 3, Rest 1

6 feet and a little over — 6 Fuß und ein bisschen

8)

(= more) children of 8 and over —

all results of 5.3 and over — alle Ergebnisse ab 5,3 or von 5,3 und darüber

if it takes three hours or over — wenn es drei oder mehr Stunden dauert

9) (TELEC)

come in, please, over — bitte kommen, over

over and out — Ende der Durchsage; (Aviat) over and out

3. n (CRICKET)
6 aufeinanderfolgende Würfe
* * *

over [ˈəʊvə(r)]

A präp

1. (Grundbedeutung) über (dat oder akk)

2. (Lage) über (dat):

the lamp over his head

3. (Richtung, Bewegung) über (akk), über (akk) … hin, über (akk) … (hin)weg:

jump over the fence;

the bridge over the Danube die Brücke über die Donau;

he escaped over the border er entkam über die Grenze;

he will get over it fig er wird darüber hinwegkommen

4. durch:

over the air

5. Br über (dat), jenseits (gen), auf der anderen Seite von (oder gen):

over the sea in Übersee, jenseits des Meeres;

over the street ( oder road) auf der anderen Straßenseite;

over the way gegenüber

6. über (dat), bei:

he fell asleep over his work er schlief über seiner Arbeit ein;

over a cup of tea bei einer Tasse Tee

7. über (akk), wegen:

worry over sth

8. (Herrschaft, Autorität, Rang) über (dat oder akk):

be over sb über jemandem stehen;

reign over a kingdom über ein Königreich herrschen;

he set him over the others er setzte ihn über die anderen

9. vor (dat):

preference over the others Vorzug vor den andern

10. über (akk), mehr als:

over a mile;

over 10 dollars;

over a week über eine Woche, länger als eine Woche;

over and above zusätzlich zu, außer ( → B 13)

11. über (akk), während:

over the weekend;

over the years im Laufe der Jahre;

over many years viele Jahre hindurch

12. durch:

he went over his notes er ging seine Notizen durch

B adv

1. hinüber…, darüber…:

he jumped over

2. hinüber… (to zu):

he ran over to his mother

3. fig über…, zur anderen Seite oder Partei:

they went over to the enemy sie liefen zum Feind über

4. herüber…:

come over!

5. drüben:

over by the tree drüben beim Baum;

over in Canada (drüben) in Kanada;

over there

a) da drüben,

b) US umg (drüben) in Europa;

over against gegenüber (dat) (a. fig im Gegensatz od im Vergleich zu)

6. (genau) darüber:

the bird is directly over

7. darüber(…), über…(-decken etc):

paint sth over etwas übermalen

8. (meist in Verbindung mit Verben)

a) über…(-geben etc)

b) über…(-kochen etc)

9. (oft in Verbindung mit Verben)

a) um…(-fallen, -werfen etc)

b) herum…(-drehen etc)

10. durch(weg), von Anfang bis (zum) Ende:

one foot over ein Fuß im Durchmesser;

covered (all) over with red spots ganz oder über und über mit roten Flecken bedeckt;

the world over

a) in der ganzen Welt,

b) durch die ganze Welt

11. (gründlich) über…(-legen, -denken etc)

12. nochmals, wieder:

(all) over again nochmal, (ganz) von vorn;

over and over again immer (u. immer) wieder;

do sth over etwas nochmals tun;

ten times over zehnmal hintereinander

13. darüber, mehr:

children of ten years and over Kinder ab 10 Jahren;

10 ounces and over 10 Unzen und mehr;

over and above außerdem, obendrein, überdies ( → A 10)

14. übrig:

have sth over

15. (zeitlich, im Deutschen oft unübersetzt)

a) ständig

b) länger:

we stayed over till Monday wir blieben bis Montag

16. zu Ende, vorüber, vorbei:

the lesson is over;

over! (Funksprechverkehr) over!, kommen!;

over and out! (Funksprechverkehr) over and out! (Ende des Gesamtgesprächs);

all over ganz vorbei;

all over with erledigt, vorüber;

it’s all over with him es ist aus und vorbei mit ihm, er ist endgültig erledigt umg;

all over and done with total erledigt

C adj

1. ober(er, e, es), Ober…

2. äußer(er, e, es), Außen…

3. überzählig, überschüssig, übrig

D s Überschuss m:

over of exports Exportüberschuss

* * *
1.
['əʊvə(r)]adverb

1) (outward and downward) hinüber

2) (so as to cover surface)

draw/board/cover over — zuziehen/-nageln/-decken

3) (with motion above something)

climb/look/jump over — hinüber- od. (ugs.) rüberklettern/-sehen/-springen

4) (so as to reverse position etc.) herum

switch over — umschalten [Programm, Sender]

it rolled over and over — es rollte und rollte

5) (across a space) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber

he swam over to us/the other side — er schwamm zu uns herüber/hinüber zur anderen Seite

fly over — vorüberfliegen

over here/there — (direction) hier herüber/dort hinüber; (location) hier/dort

they are over [here] for the day — sie sind einen Tag hier

ask somebody over [for dinner] — jemanden [zum Essen] einladen

6) (Radio)

[come in, please,] over — übernehmen Sie bitte

over and out — Ende

7) (in excess etc.)

children of 12 and over — Kinder im Alter von zwölf Jahren und darüber

be [left] over — übrig [geblieben] sein

have over — übrig haben [Geld]

9 into 28 goes 3 and 1 over — 28 geteilt durch neun ist gleich 3, Rest 1

it's a bit over — (in weight) es ist ein bisschen mehr

8) (from beginning to end) von Anfang bis Ende

say something twice over — etwas wiederholen od. zweimal sagen

over and over [again] — immer wieder

several times over — mehrmals

9) (at an end) vorbei; vorüber

be over — vorbei sein; [Aufführung:] zu Ende sein

get something over with — etwas hinter sich (Akk.) bringen

be over and done with — erledigt sein

10)

all over — (completely finished) aus [und vorbei]; (in or on one's whole body etc.) überall; (in characteristic attitude) typisch

I ache all over — mir tut alles weh

be shaking all over — am ganzen Körper zittern

embroidered all over with flowers — ganz mit Blumen bestickt

that is him/something all over — das ist typisch für ihn/etwas

11) (overleaf) umseitig

see over — siehe Rückseite
2. preposition
1) (above) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)

2) (on) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)

hit somebody over the head — jemandem auf den Kopf schlagen

carry a coat over one's arm — einen Mantel über dem Arm tragen

over the page — auf der nächsten Seite

3) (in or across every part of) [überall] in (+ Dat.); (to and fro upon) über (+ Akk.); (all through) durch

all over — (in or on all parts of) überall in (+ Dat.)

travel all over the country — das ganze Land bereisen

all over Spain — überall in Spanien

she spilt wine all over her skirt — sie hat sich (Dat.) Wein über den ganzen Rock geschüttet

all over the world — in der ganzen Welt

4) (round about) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)

a sense of gloom hung over him — ihn umgab eine gedrückte Stimmung

5) (on account of) wegen

laugh over something — über etwas (Akk.) lachen

6) (engaged with) bei

take trouble over something — sich (Dat.) mit etwas Mühe geben

be a long time over something — lange für etwas brauchen

over work/dinner/a cup of tea — bei der Arbeit/beim Essen/bei einer Tasse Tee

7) (superior to, in charge of) über (+ Akk.)

have command/authority over somebody — Befehlsgewalt über jemanden/Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

be over somebody — (in rank) über jemandem stehen

8) (beyond, more than) über (+ Akk.)

an increase over last year's total — eine Zunahme gegenüber der letztjährigen Gesamtmenge

it's been over a month since... — es ist über einen Monat her, dass...

over and above — zusätzlich zu

9) (in comparison with)

a decrease over last year — eine Abnahme gegenüber dem letzten Jahr

10) (out and down from etc.) über (+ Akk.)

look over a wall — über eine Mauer sehen

the window looks over the street — das Fenster geht zur Straße hinaus

fall over a cliff — von einem Felsen stürzen

11) (across) über (+ Akk.)

the pub over the road — die Wirtschaft auf der anderen Straßenseite od. gegenüber

climb over the wall — über die Mauer steigen od. klettern

be over the worst — das Schlimmste hinter sich (Dat.) od. überstanden haben

be over an illness — eine Krankheit überstanden haben

12) (throughout, during) über (+ Akk.)

stay over Christmas/the weekend/Wednesday — über Weihnachten/das Wochenende/bis Donnerstag bleiben

over the summer — den Sommer über

over the past years — in den letzten Jahren

* * *

adj.

aus adj.

vorbei adj.

übermäßig adj. prep.

hinüber präp.

über präp.

English-german dictionary > over
6 over

['əʊvə(r)] 1.
preposizione

1) (across the top of) oltre, al di sopra di

to look over a wall — guardare di là dal muro

a bridge over the Thames — un ponte sul Tamigi

2) (from or on the other side of)

the house over the road — la casa di fronte o dall'altra parte della strada

it's over the river — è dall'altro lato del fiume

over here, there — qui, laggiù

come over here! — vieni (di) qui!

3) (above) su, sopra, al di sopra di

clouds over the valley — nuvole sulla valle

they live over the shop — vivono sopra il negozio

4) (covering, surrounding) su, sopra

to wear a sweater over one's shirt — portare un maglione sulla camicia

shutters over the windows — persiane alle finestre

5) (physically higher than)

the water came over my ankles — l'acqua mi arrivava alle caviglie

6) (more than) più di, oltre

children (of) over six — i bambini oltre i sei anni o di più di sei anni

temperatures over 40° — temperature superiori a 40°

7) (in rank, position)

to be over sb. — essere superiore a qcn.; mil. essere più alto in grado di qcn

8) (in the course of)

over the weekend — durante il o nel fine settimana

over a period of — durante un periodo di

over the last few days — negli ultimi giorni

he has changed over the years — negli o con gli anni è cambiato

to do sth. over Christmas — fare qcs. nel periodo di Natale

9) (recovered from)

to be over — essersi ripreso da [illness, operation, loss]

to be over the worst — avere passato il peggio

10) (by means of)

over the phone — al o per telefono

over the radio — alla radio

11) (everywhere in)

to travel all over the world — viaggiare in tutto il mondo

to search all over the house — cercare in tutta la casa

to show sb. over a house — fare visitare una casa a qcn

12) (because of)

to laugh over sth. — ridere di qcs.

to pause over sth. — soffermarsi su qcs

13) mat.

6 over 3 is 2 — 6 fratto 3 fa 2

14) over and above

over and above that — oltre a ciò, in aggiunta a ciò

over and above the minimum requirement — ben oltre i requisiti minimi
2.
avverbio

1) (above) (al di) sopra

does it go under or over? — va sotto o sopra?

2) (more)

children of six and over — i bambini di sei anni e oltre

3) (to one's house, country)

to invite o ask sb. over invitare qcn. (a casa propria); we had him over on Sunday, for dinner è stato nostro ospite domenica, a cena; when you're next over this way — quando passi di nuovo da queste parti

4) rad. telev.

over! — passo!

over to you — a te o voi la linea

now over to Tom for the weather — la linea va ora a o passiamo la linea a Tom per le previsioni del tempo

5) (showing repetition)

five times over — cinque volte di seguito

to start all over again — ricominciare da capo

I had to do it over — AE ho dovuto rifarlo

I've told you over and over (again)... — ti ho detto migliaia di volte

6) BE (excessively)

I'm not over keen — non sono troppo entusiasta

7) (use with verbs not covered in the note above)

over she went — è caduta

over you go! — su, andate!
3.
aggettivo

1) (finished)

to be over — essere finito o terminato

to get sth. over with — farla finita con qcs

2) (remaining)

2 into 5 goes 2 and 1 over — il 2 nel 5 sta 2 volte con il resto di 1

there's nothing over — non è rimasto nulla

we have some money left over — ci rimane del denaro

* * *
['əuvə] 1. preposition
1) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) su; al di sopra di, più di

2) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.)

3) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) su

4) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) per/in tutto

5) (about: a quarrel over money.) su, riguardo a

6) (by means of: He spoke to her over the telephone.) a

7) (during: Over the years, she grew to hate her husband.) nel corso di

8) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) durante
2. adverb
1) (higher, moving etc above: The plane flew over about an hour ago.)

2) (used to show movement, change of position: He rolled over on his back; He turned over the page.)

3) (across: He went over and spoke to them.)

4) (downwards: He fell over.)

5) (higher in number etc: for people aged twenty and over.)

6) (remaining: There are two cakes for each of us, and two over.)

7) (through from beginning to end, carefully: Read it over; Talk it over between you.)
3. adjective
(finished: The affair is over now.) sopra
4. noun
((in cricket) a certain number of balls bowled from one end of the wicket: He bowled thirty overs in the match.) over, (lanci effettuati)
5. as part of a word
1) (too (much), as in overdo.) sopra-, sovra-

2) (in a higher position, as in overhead.) (che sta sopra)

3) (covering, as in overcoat.) sopra-

4) (down from an upright position, as in overturn.)

5) (completely, as in overcome.) sopra-

•

- over again
- over all
- over and done with
* * *
['əʊvə(r)] 1.
preposizione

1) (across the top of) oltre, al di sopra di

to look over a wall — guardare di là dal muro

a bridge over the Thames — un ponte sul Tamigi

2) (from or on the other side of)

the house over the road — la casa di fronte o dall'altra parte della strada

it's over the river — è dall'altro lato del fiume

over here, there — qui, laggiù

come over here! — vieni (di) qui!

3) (above) su, sopra, al di sopra di

clouds over the valley — nuvole sulla valle

they live over the shop — vivono sopra il negozio

4) (covering, surrounding) su, sopra

to wear a sweater over one's shirt — portare un maglione sulla camicia

shutters over the windows — persiane alle finestre

5) (physically higher than)

the water came over my ankles — l'acqua mi arrivava alle caviglie

6) (more than) più di, oltre

children (of) over six — i bambini oltre i sei anni o di più di sei anni

temperatures over 40° — temperature superiori a 40°

7) (in rank, position)

to be over sb. — essere superiore a qcn.; mil. essere più alto in grado di qcn

8) (in the course of)

over the weekend — durante il o nel fine settimana

over a period of — durante un periodo di

over the last few days — negli ultimi giorni

he has changed over the years — negli o con gli anni è cambiato

to do sth. over Christmas — fare qcs. nel periodo di Natale

9) (recovered from)

to be over — essersi ripreso da [illness, operation, loss]

to be over the worst — avere passato il peggio

10) (by means of)

over the phone — al o per telefono

over the radio — alla radio

11) (everywhere in)

to travel all over the world — viaggiare in tutto il mondo

to search all over the house — cercare in tutta la casa

to show sb. over a house — fare visitare una casa a qcn

12) (because of)

to laugh over sth. — ridere di qcs.

to pause over sth. — soffermarsi su qcs

13) mat.

6 over 3 is 2 — 6 fratto 3 fa 2

14) over and above

over and above that — oltre a ciò, in aggiunta a ciò

over and above the minimum requirement — ben oltre i requisiti minimi
2.
avverbio

1) (above) (al di) sopra

does it go under or over? — va sotto o sopra?

2) (more)

children of six and over — i bambini di sei anni e oltre

3) (to one's house, country)

to invite o ask sb. over invitare qcn. (a casa propria); we had him over on Sunday, for dinner è stato nostro ospite domenica, a cena; when you're next over this way — quando passi di nuovo da queste parti

4) rad. telev.

over! — passo!

over to you — a te o voi la linea

now over to Tom for the weather — la linea va ora a o passiamo la linea a Tom per le previsioni del tempo

5) (showing repetition)

five times over — cinque volte di seguito

to start all over again — ricominciare da capo

I had to do it over — AE ho dovuto rifarlo

I've told you over and over (again)... — ti ho detto migliaia di volte

6) BE (excessively)

I'm not over keen — non sono troppo entusiasta

7) (use with verbs not covered in the note above)

over she went — è caduta

over you go! — su, andate!
3.
aggettivo

1) (finished)

to be over — essere finito o terminato

to get sth. over with — farla finita con qcs

2) (remaining)

2 into 5 goes 2 and 1 over — il 2 nel 5 sta 2 volte con il resto di 1

there's nothing over — non è rimasto nulla

we have some money left over — ci rimane del denaro

English-Italian dictionary > over
7 last

I
1.
adjective
1) (coming at the end: We set out on the last day of November; He was last in the race; He caught the last bus home.) último

2) (most recent; next before the present: Our last house was much smaller than this; last year/month/week.) último

3) (coming or remaining after all the others: He was the last guest to leave.) último

2. adverb
(at the end of or after all the others: He took his turn last.) en último lugar

- lastly
- at long last
- at last
- hear
- see the last of
- the last person
- the last straw
- the last thing
- the last word
- on one's last legs
- to the last
II
verb
1) (to continue to exist: This situation lasted until she got married; I hope this fine weather lasts.) durar

2) (to remain in good condition or supply: This carpet has lasted well; The bread won't last another two days - we'll need more; This coat will last me until I die.) durar

•

- lasting
- last out

last¹ adj

1. pasado

they got married last week se casaron la semana pasada

2. último

what time is the last train? ¿a qué hora sale el último tren?

at last por fin

at last!, where have you been? ¡por fin!, ¿dónde has estado?

last² adv

1. último

who arrived last? ¿quién llegó el último? / ¿quién fue el último en llegar?

2. por última vez

when did you last see your father? ¿cuándo fue la última vez que viste a tu padre?

last³ vb durar

the class lasts one hour la clase dura una hora / la clase es de una hora

good shoes last longer los zapatos buenos duran más

last

tr[lɑːst]

adjective

1 (final) último,-a

2 (most recent) último,-a

■ the last time la última vez

3 (past) pasado,-a; (previous) anterior

■ last Monday el lunes pasado

■ last night anoche

■ last week la semana pasada

■ the night before last anteanoche

■ the month/year before last hace dos meses/años

■ she's been studying hard for the last week hace una semana que estudia mucho

■ Spielberg's new film is much better than his last one la nueva película de Spielberg es mucho mejor que la anterior

adverb

1 por última vez

■ that's when he last came to see me eso es cuando me vino a ver por última vez

2 (at the end) en último lugar; (in race) en última posición

■ who came last in the 1000 metres? ¿quién acabó último en la carrera de los 1000 metros?

noun

1 (person) el/la último,-a; (thing) lo último

■ are you the last? ¿eres tú el último?

■ the first shall be last and the last shall be first los primeros serán los últimos y los últimos serán los primeros

■ he drank the last of the wine se bebió lo que quedaba del vino

■ the last I heard he was back in Ireland lo último que sé es que volvió a Irlanda

■ I'm sure we haven't heard the last of it estoy seguro de que aquí no se ha acabado la historia

intransitive verb

1 (continue) durar; (hold out) aguantar, resistir

transitive verb

1 durar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

at last al fin, por fin

at long last por fin

if it's the last thing I do cueste lo que cueste, aunque sea lo último que haga

last but not least por último lugar, pero no por eso menos importante

last but one penúltimo,-a

to be the last straw familiar ser el colmo

to be the last word familiar ser el último grito

to breathe one's last dar el último suspiro

to have seen the last of somebody haber visto a alguien por última vez

to have the last word decir la última palabra

to the last hasta el final

the Last Judgment el Juicio Final

the last rites la extremaunción nombre femenino

————————

last

tr[lɑːst]

noun

1 (shoemaker's) horma

last ['læst] vi

1) continue: durar

how long will it last?: ¿cuánto durará?

2) endure: aguantar, durar

3) survive: durar, sobrevivir

4) suffice: durar, bastar

last vt

1) : durar

it will last a lifetime: durará toda la vida

2)

to last out : aguantar

last adv

1) : en último lugar, al último

we came in last: llegamos en último lugar

2) : por última vez, la última vez

I saw him last in Bogota: lo vi por última vez en Bogotá

3) finally: por último, en conclusión

last adj

1) final: último, final

2) previous: pasado

last year: el año pasado

last n

1) : el último, la última, lo último

at last: por fin, al fin, finalmente

2) : horma f (de zapatero)

last

adj.

• extremo, -a adj.

• pasado, -a adj.

• por último adj.

• postrero, -a adj.

• postrimero, -a adj.

• supremo, -a adj.

• último, -a adj.

n.

• fin s.m.

v.

• aguantar v.

• continuar v.

• durar v.

• humear v.

• resistir v.

• subsistir v.

læst, lɑːst
I

adjective

1)

a) ( in series) <chapter/lap> último

the second to last door, the last door but one — la penúltima puerta

I do it last thing at night — es lo último que hago antes de acostarme

to be last — (in race, on arrival) ser* el último (en llegar), llegar* el último or (CS) llegar* último

to be last to + INF — ser* el último en + inf

b) (final, ultimate) <chance/day> último

at the very last minute o moment — en el último momento, a última hora

the last rites o sacraments — la extremaunción

c) ( only remaining) último

I'm down to my last few dollars — sólo me quedan unos pocos dólares

2) (previous, most recent) (before n)

last Tuesday — el martes pasado

this time last week — la semana pasada a estas horas

in my last letter — en mi última carta

the last time I went — la última vez que fui

3) ( least likely or suitable)

that was the last thing I expected to hear from you — es lo que menos me esperaba que me dijeras

that's the last thing I'd do! — no se me ocurriría hacer eso!; laugh II, leg I 1), straw a)

II

pronoun

1)

a) (in series, sequence) último, -ma m,f

the last to + INF — el último/la última/los últimos/las últimas en + inf

the last I remember — lo último que recuerdo

we haven't heard the last of him/it — nos va a seguir dando guerra, ya verás

to breathe one's last — (liter) exhalar el último suspiro

b) ( only remaining)

the last OF something: the last of its kind el último de su clase; that's the last of the jam — esa es toda la mermelada que queda

c) (in phrases) (liter)

at the last — al final

to o until the last — hasta el último momento, hasta el final

2) ( preceding one)

the night before last — anteanoche, antenoche (AmL)

at the meeting before last — en la penúltima reunión

each hill seemed steeper than the last — cada colina parecía más empinada que la anterior

III

adverb

1)

a) ( at the end)

I went in last — fui el último en entrar, entré el último, entré último (CS)

our team came o finished last — nuestro equipo quedó en último lugar or (CS tb) terminó último

b) (finally, in conclusion)

last of all — por último, lo último (de todo)

and last but not least — y por último, pero no por eso menos importante

c) (in phrases)

at last — por fin, al fin

at long last — por fin, finalmente

2) ( most recently)

she was last seen a year ago — la última vez que se la vio fue hace un año

when did you last see him o see him last? — ¿cuándo fue la última vez que lo viste?

IV

noun ( for shoemaking) horma f

V
1.

intransitive verb

1)

a) ( continue) durar

it lasted (for) three hours — duró tres horas

b) (endure, survive) durar

he wouldn't last five minutes in the army — no aguantaría or no duraría ni cinco minutos en el ejército

2) ( be sufficient) durar

to make something last — hacer* durar algo

3) ( remain usable) durar

it will last (for) a lifetime — durará toda la vida

2.

vt durar

we have enough fuel to last us — el combustible que tenemos nos durará

Phrasal Verbs:

- last out

I [lɑːst]
1. ADJ

1) (=most recent) último

I've seen her twice in the last week — la he visto dos veces en la última semana

the last few weeks have been hectic — las últimas semanas han sido muy ajetreadas

over the last few months — durante los últimos meses

he hasn't been seen these last two years — no se lo ha visto en los últimos dos años

2) (=previous) (referring to specific occasion) [Christmas, Easter] pasado; [time, meeting, birthday] último

last Christmas we went to my mother's — las Navidades pasadas fuimos a casa de mi madre

the last time we went, it rained — la última vez que fuimos, llovió

on Monday last — frm el pasado lunes

last Friday/month/year — el viernes/el mes/el año pasado

this time last year — el año pasado por estas fechas

last week — la semana pasada

this time last week — la semana pasada a estas horas
night 1., 1)
3) (=final) último

the last Friday of the month — el último viernes del mes

the last Sunday before Christmas — el último domingo antes de Navidad

the last door on the right — la última puerta a la derecha

the last three pages of the book — las tres últimas paginas del libro

he spent the last few years of his life here — pasó los últimos años de su vida aquí

• last but one — penúltimo

• down to the last detail — hasta el más mínimo detalle, hasta el último detalle

• the Last Judg(e)ment — el Juicio Final

• to fight to the last man — (lit, fig) luchar hasta el último aliento

• I was the last person to arrive/to see him alive — fui la última en llegar/la última persona que lo vió vivo

• I'm down to my last pound — solo me queda una libra

• the last rites — (Rel) la extremaunción

• second to last — antepenúltimo

• last thing at night — antes de acostarse

I'll finish it if it's the last thing I do — ¡lo terminaré aunque sea la última cosa que haga en esta vida!

• that was the last time I saw him — esa fue la última vez que lo vi

for the last time, shut up! — ¡cállate, y que sea la última vez que te lo digo!

- be on it's/one's last legs

4) (=least likely)

• you're the last person I'd trust with it — lo confiaría a cualquiera menos a ti, eres la última persona a la que se lo confiaría

I would be the last person to stand in your way — yo soy la que menos me interprondía en tu camino, yo soy la última persona que se interpondría en tu camino

• that was the last thing I expected — eso era lo que menos me esperaba

at 32, retirement is the last thing on his mind — con 32 años, jubilarse es lo último en que piensa

2. PRON

1) (of series) último

he was the last of the Tudors — fue el último de los Tudores

that was the last I saw of him — después de aquello no volví a verlo más

the last we heard of him he was in Rio — según las últimas noticias estaba en Río

if we don't go we shall never hear the last of it — si no vamos no dejarán de recordárnoslo

you haven't heard the last of this! — ¡esto no se acaba aquí!, ¡esto no se va a quedar así!

to be the last (one) to do sth — ser el último en hacer algo

we're always the last to know — siempre somos los últimos en enterarnos

• the last but one — el/la penúltimo(-a)

• to leave sth till last — dejar algo para lo último or el final

• to look one's last on sth — liter ver algo por última vez

• to the last — hasta el final
breathe 1., 1)
2) (=previous one)

each one is better than the last — son cada vez mejores

• the night before last — anteanoche

the week before last — la semana anterior a la pasada, la semana pasada no, la anterior

the Saturday before last — el sábado anterior al pasado, el sábado pasado no, el anterior

it was the question before last that I found difficult — la pregunta que me resultó difícil fue la penúltima

3) (=all that remains)

this is the last of the bread/wine — esto es lo que queda de pan/vino

he was the last of his kind, a true professional — fue el último de los de su clase, un verdadero profesional

4)

• at last — por fin

• at long last the search was over — por fin la búsqueda había concluido

3. ADV

1) (=finally)

• last of all, take out the screws — por último, saca los tornillos

• last but not least — por último, pero no por ello menos importante

2) (=in last place, at the end)

he was or came last in the 100 metres — terminó en último lugar or en última posición en los 100 metros

to arrive last — llegar el or (LAm) al último

• last in, first out — los últimos en llegar son a los que despiden los primeros

3) (=most recently)

• when I last saw them — la última vez que las vi

he was last seen in Brighton — se lo vio por última vez en Brighton

I last saw her in 1987 — la vi por última vez en 1987

II [lɑːst]
1. VI

1) (=continue) durar

it lasts (for) two hours — dura dos horas

the trial is expected to last (for) three weeks — se espera que el juicio dure tres semanas

the symptoms can last (for) up to a week — los síntomas pueden persistir hasta una semana

• nothing lasts forever — nada dura para siempre

• it's too good to last, it can't last — esto no puede durar

2) (=survive) durar

the previous boss only lasted a week — el jefe anterior solamente duró una semana

he wouldn't have lasted ten minutes in those conditions — no hubiera durado or aguantado ni diez minutos en esas condiciones

he won't last the night (out) — no sobrevivirá hasta la mañana

3) (=be enough) durar

how long will the gas last? — ¿hasta cuándo durará or alcanzará el gas?

the town has enough water to last a fortnight — la ciudad tiene agua suficiente para dos semanas

• "only available while stocks last" — (Comm) "solo hasta que se agoten las existencias"

4) (=remain usable) durar

this material will last (for) years — esta tela durará años

• more expensive batteries last longer — las pilas más caras duran más

• made to last — hecho para que dure

2.

VT durar

this amount should last you (for) a week — esta cantidad debería durarte una semana

• it will last you a lifetime — te durará toda la vida

I've had enough publicity to last me a lifetime! — ¡me han dado publicidad suficiente para toda una vida!

- last out

III

[lɑːst]
N (in shoemaking) horma f
- stick to your last!

* * *
[læst, lɑːst]
I

adjective

1)

a) ( in series) <chapter/lap> último

the second to last door, the last door but one — la penúltima puerta

I do it last thing at night — es lo último que hago antes de acostarme

to be last — (in race, on arrival) ser* el último (en llegar), llegar* el último or (CS) llegar* último

to be last to + INF — ser* el último en + inf

b) (final, ultimate) <chance/day> último

at the very last minute o moment — en el último momento, a última hora

the last rites o sacraments — la extremaunción

c) ( only remaining) último

I'm down to my last few dollars — sólo me quedan unos pocos dólares

2) (previous, most recent) (before n)

last Tuesday — el martes pasado

this time last week — la semana pasada a estas horas

in my last letter — en mi última carta

the last time I went — la última vez que fui

3) ( least likely or suitable)

that was the last thing I expected to hear from you — es lo que menos me esperaba que me dijeras

that's the last thing I'd do! — no se me ocurriría hacer eso!; laugh II, leg I 1), straw a)

II

pronoun

1)

a) (in series, sequence) último, -ma m,f

the last to + INF — el último/la última/los últimos/las últimas en + inf

the last I remember — lo último que recuerdo

we haven't heard the last of him/it — nos va a seguir dando guerra, ya verás

to breathe one's last — (liter) exhalar el último suspiro

b) ( only remaining)

the last OF something: the last of its kind el último de su clase; that's the last of the jam — esa es toda la mermelada que queda

c) (in phrases) (liter)

at the last — al final

to o until the last — hasta el último momento, hasta el final

2) ( preceding one)

the night before last — anteanoche, antenoche (AmL)

at the meeting before last — en la penúltima reunión

each hill seemed steeper than the last — cada colina parecía más empinada que la anterior

III

adverb

1)

a) ( at the end)

I went in last — fui el último en entrar, entré el último, entré último (CS)

our team came o finished last — nuestro equipo quedó en último lugar or (CS tb) terminó último

b) (finally, in conclusion)

last of all — por último, lo último (de todo)

and last but not least — y por último, pero no por eso menos importante

c) (in phrases)

at last — por fin, al fin

at long last — por fin, finalmente

2) ( most recently)

she was last seen a year ago — la última vez que se la vio fue hace un año

when did you last see him o see him last? — ¿cuándo fue la última vez que lo viste?

IV

noun ( for shoemaking) horma f

V
1.

intransitive verb

1)

a) ( continue) durar

it lasted (for) three hours — duró tres horas

b) (endure, survive) durar

he wouldn't last five minutes in the army — no aguantaría or no duraría ni cinco minutos en el ejército

2) ( be sufficient) durar

to make something last — hacer* durar algo

3) ( remain usable) durar

it will last (for) a lifetime — durará toda la vida

2.

vt durar

we have enough fuel to last us — el combustible que tenemos nos durará

Phrasal Verbs:

- last out

English-spanish dictionary > last
8 over

1. [ʹəʋvə] n
1. излишек, избыток

2. приплата

3. воен. перелёт ( снаряда)

4. спорт. серия бросков (обыкн. шесть; в крикете)

5. радио переход на приём
2. [ʹəʋvə] a
1. верхний; внешний

the over eyelid - верхнее веко

2. вышестоящий

3. излишний, избыточный; чрезмерный

over imagination - слишком богатое воображение
3. [ʹəʋvə] adv
указывает на

1. 1) нахождение или движение над чем-л. наверху; наверх

to hang over - нависать, висеть над головой

the balloon was directly over - воздушный шар находился прямо над нами

2) движение через что-л. - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой пере-

to jump over - перепрыгнуть

to step over - перешагнуть

the pot was full and the soup was boiling over - кастрюля была полна, и суп убежал

to climb over into the garden - перелезать через забор в сад

3) изменение положения, переворачивание, переход из вертикального положения в горизонтальное и т. п. - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой пере-

to roll over - перекатывать(ся)

to turn smth. over - перевернуть что-л. на другую сторону

please, turn over - смотри на обороте ( надпись)

to knock smb. over - сбить кого-л. с ног

to knock smth. over - опрокинуть что-л.

turn over on your side - поверни(те)сь на бок

he gave me a push and over I went - он толкнул меня, и я упал

the car almost swung over - автомобиль чуть не перевернулся

he stooped over to lace his shoes - он наклонился, чтобы зашнуровать ботинки

4) переход на противоположную сторону, изменение позиции - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой пере-

to go over to the enemy - перейти на сторону неприятеля

to sail over - переплыть (на другую сторону)

they went over to a five-day week - они перешли на пятидневную неделю

Over! Over to you! - радио перехожу на приём!

he drove us over to the other side of town - он отвёз нас в другой конец города

5) приближение к какому-л. месту или лицу или переход к чему-л. - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой под-

he led her over to the window - он подвёл её к окну

send her over to me - пришли её ко мне

he went over to the railings - он подошёл к перилам

to go over to see smb. - разг. зайти к кому-л., навестить кого-л.

we have guests coming over this evening - сегодня вечером к нам придут гости

to go over to the store - сходить в магазин /за покупками/

take these letters over to the post office - отнесите эти письма на почту

ask him over - пригласите его (в гости)

6) нахождение на какой-л. стороне:

over here - здесь

over there - а) (вон) там; there's a good spot over there - там есть хорошее местечко; б) амер. разг. там, в Европе ( не в Америке)

over by the hill - там, за холмом

2. повторение вновь, опять, ещё раз

over again, over and over (again) - опять, снова, много раз (подряд)

he said the same thing over and over (again) - он всё время повторял одно и то же

he read the article twice over - он ещё раз перечитал статью

to do smth. over - переделывать что-л.

he did that problem three times over - он трижды принимался за решение этой проблемы

you'll have to do it over (again) - тебе придётся переделать это

3. 1) тщательность выполнения действия или доведение его до конца - часто передается глагольными приставками про-, пере-

to think smth. over - продумать что-л.

to talk over - обсудить

to check over - проверить

to read a newspaper over - прочитать газету (от первой до последней страницы)

to look over - осмотреть; проверить

may I look the house over? - можно осмотреть дом?

dig the ground over well before planting the flowers - прежде чем сажать цветы, тщательно перекопайте землю

2) окончание чего-л.:

the lesson [the concert] is over - урок [концерт] окончен

the war was over - война кончилась

the incident is over - инцидент исчерпан

4. нерешённость, незаконченность, неурегулированность:

to lay over - откладывать; отсрочивать

to hold over a decision - откладывать принятие решения; повременить с решением

let's hold it over until the next meeting - давайте отложим это до следующего собрания

5. распространение по всему данному месту, по всей территории и т. п. ( часто all over):

to be all over in dust [in mud] - быть покрытым пылью [грязью] с головы до ног

to paint the wall over - закрасить /покрасить/ всю стену

they searched the town over - они искали по всему городу

a dress covered over with jewels - платье, усыпанное драгоценностями

her face became red all over - краска залила её лицо

he ached all over - у него болело всё тело

6. длительность протекания действия в течение какого-л. периода времени или по истечении этого периода времени:

please stay over until Monday - оставайтесь, пожалуйста, у нас до понедельника

7. передачу или переход чего-л. от одного лица к другому - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой пере-

to hand smth. over to smb. - передать что-л. кому-л.

to take over a job from smb. - продолжать работу, начатую кем-л. другим

to make a property over to smb. - передать имущество кому-л., переписать имущество на кого-л.

to get one's point over to smb. - разг. втолковать кому-л. что-л.

he willed the house over to his son - он завещал дом своему сыну

8. 1) излишек, избыток вдобавок, сверх того

boys of twelve years and over - мальчики двенадцати лет и старше

to pay the full sum and smth. over - заплатить сполна и ещё прибавить

I've got one card over - у меня осталась одна открытка

you will keep what is left over - оставьте себе, что осталось (о сдаче, о продуктах и т. п.)

nineteen divided by five makes three, and four over - девятнадцать, делённое на пять, равно трём и четыре в остатке

they were gone three hours or over - их тут нет уже три часа, а то и больше

difference over or under - одним различием больше или меньше

2) избыток или высшую степень качества чрезвычайно, сверх

she is not over strong - она не очень-то сильна

he is over polite - он в высшей степени вежливый человек

he is over tired - он переутомлён

do not be over shy - не будьте слишком застенчивы

9. измерение по диаметру или поперёк в

a board [a tree] a foot over - доска [дерево] в один фут в диаметре

10. в сочетаниях:

over against - а) напротив; Dover is over against Calais - Дувр расположен против Кале; б) против, по сравнению

to set truth over against falsehood - противопоставить правду лжи

all over - эмоц.-усил. типичный (для кого-л.)

that rudeness is George all over - такая грубость, характерна для Джорджа

she is her mother all over - она точная копия своей матери, она вся в мать

he's French all over - он вылитый француз

over with - разг. сделанный, законченный

let's hurry and get the job over with - давай(те) поторопимся и закончим наше дело /покончим с этим/

it is all over with him - с ним всё кончено; он погиб; он разорён

that's over and done with - с этим всё покончено, это предано забвению

over and above - а) к тому же, кроме того, вдобавок к; over and above, he is younger than you - и к тому же /кроме того/ он моложе вас; б) слишком, чересчур

it is not done over and above well - сделано это не слишком-то хорошо

др. сочетания см. под соответствующими словами
4. [ʹəʋvə] prep
1. указывает на

1) нахождение или движение над каким-л. предметом над

the roof over one's head - крыша над головой

a sign over the entrance - вывеска над входом

to bend /to lean/ over smb., smth. - наклониться /склониться/ над кем-л., чем-л.

heavy fog hung over the city - над городом висел густой туман

a flight over the ocean - полёт над океаном

2) положение на каком-л. предмете или поверх него на

his hat was pulled low over his eyes - его шляпа была низко надвинута на глаза

his hand was over his heart - он держал руку на сердце

her hand closed over his - она сжала его руку

the water came over his knees - вода доходила ему до колен

3) положение поперёк чего-л. через

a bridge over a river - мост через реку

he had a towel over his shoulder - через плечо у него было перекинуто полотенце

4) местоположение по другую сторону чего-л. по ту сторону, за

over the river - за рекой

over the sea - а) за морем; б) за пределами страны, за границей

a city over the border - город по ту сторону границы

to sell smth. over the counter - торговать чем-л. за прилавком

we heard voices over the wall - за стеной были слышны голоса

5) положение у, около чего-л. у

to sit over the fire - сидеть у огня /у костра/

6) надевание, натягивание чехла и т. п. на

to throw a sheet over the bed - покрыть кровать простынёй

to spread a cloth over the table - постелить (на стол) скатерть

she put an apron over her dress - она надела передник на платье

he drew the blanket over him - он натянул на себя одеяло

7) движение через что-л., по чему-л. или через какое-л. препятствие через, по

over the border - через границу

to leap over smth. - перепрыгнуть через что-л.

to help smb. over the road - помочь кому-л. перейти дорогу

to go over the bridge - пройти через мост /по мосту/

they looked over his shoulder into the room - они заглядывали в комнату через плечо

she fell over a stone - она упала, споткнувшись о камень

she stumbled over her words - она говорила запинаясь

8) движение или распространение по какой-л. поверхности в определённом или разных направлениях по; на ( часто all over)

he travelled over Europe - он путешествовал по Европе

all over the north of England - по всей северной Англии

all over the world - по всему свету

to motor over a new route - ехать на машине по новой дороге

it snowed all over the valley - в долине повсюду шёл снег

a smile stole over his face - на лице его промелькнула улыбка

he spread the butter over a slice of bread - он намазал ломтик хлеба маслом

winter settled over the mountains - в горах наступила зима

9) прикосновение к поверхности чего-л. по

he ran his hand over the machine - он провёл рукой по машине

he rubbed his hand over his cheek - он потёр щёку рукой

his hands moved over the papers on the table - он перебирал бумаги на столе

his fountain-pen drove briskly over the paper - его перо быстро и легко скользило по бумаге

he ran his eyes over the letter - он пробежал глазами письмо

the breeze from the window poured over him - на него подуло из окна

2. указывает на

1) период протекания действия в течение, за

over a long term /many/ of years - в течение долгих лет

over a period of years - в течение ряда лет

over the last two days - за последние два дня

2) включение в действие какого-л. момента, отрезка времени и т. п. включая; до

can you stay over the week-end? - можете ли вы остаться до понедельника?

the meeting was adjourned over the holidays - совещание было прервано с тем, чтобы возобновиться после праздников

3) протекание действия во время какого-л. занятия за

he fell asleep over his work - он заснул за работой

we'll discuss it over our dinner - мы обсудим это за обедом

they sat over their coffee - они сидели за кофе

how long will he be over it? - сколько времени у него это займёт?

3. указывает на

1) большее количество свыше, сверх, больше

over a mile - больше мили

over fifty millions - свыше пятидесяти миллионов

2) больший возраст, время и т. п. больше

he is over twenty - ему больше двадцати (лет)

he spoke over an hour - он говорил больше часа

4. указывает на

1) более высокое положение, преимущество, преобладание, господство, власть и т. п. над

superiority over smb. - превосходство над кем-л.

an advantage over smb. - преимущество перед кем-л.

to triumph over smth. - восторжествовать над чем-л.

to rule over smth. - управлять /править/ чем-л.

she has no control over her temper - она не умеет сдерживаться

he has no command over himself - он собой не владеет

2) более высокий ранг, положение выше, старше

a colonel is over a lieutenant - полковник по чину старше лейтенанта

he is over me in the office - он мой начальник

5. указывает на

1) предмет мысли, спора и т. п. о, относительно, по поводу, касательно

a dispute over smth. - спор о чём-л.

to quarrel over a matter - ссориться по поводу чего-л.

there was disagreement over the agenda - при обсуждении повестки дня возникли разногласия

to think over smth. - обдумывать что-л., думать над чем-л.

to laugh over smth. - смеяться над чем-л.

don't concern yourself over the expenses - о расходах не беспокойтесь

he is worried over his health - он обеспокоен своим здоровьем

2) предмет рассмотрения, просмотра и т. п. - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой про-

to go over smb.'s notes - (внимательно) прочесть чьи-л. заметки

to go over the details - вспомнить /мысленно представить себе/ все подробности

he went over everything in his pockets - он тщательно проверил всё, что у него было в карманах

6. указывает на преодоление трудностей, препятствий и т. п.:

to get over difficulties - справиться с трудностями

I got over my cold quickly - я быстро оправился от простуды

we're over the worst - самое худшее уже позади

7. указывает на способ передвижения, пересылки, передачи по

over the air - по воздуху

over the radio - по радио

to talk over the telephone - (по)говорить по телефону

8. указывает на лицо, с которым что-л. происходит или случается:

depression crept over him - им овладело уныние

a feeling of relief came over him - он почувствовал облегчение

a change came over him - он изменился

what has come over you? - разг. что (это) на вас нашло?

♢ it is over my head - это выше моего понимания

over head and ears, head over ears - по уши; по горло

to be head over ears in love - быть безумно /по уши/ влюблённым

to be head over ears in work - быть по горло занятым работой

head over heels - кувырком, вверх ногами; вверх тормашками

over the left - как раз наоборот

it will suit you perfectly well. - Over the left! - это вам очень подойдёт. - Скажете тоже!

over the signature of smb., over smb.'s signature - за подписью кого-л., за чьей-л. подписью

др. сочетания см. под соответствующими словами

НБАРС > over
9 over

1. [ʹəʋvə] n
1. излишек, избыток

2. приплата

3. воен. перелёт ( снаряда)

4. спорт. серия бросков (обыкн. шесть; в крикете)

5. радио переход на приём
2. [ʹəʋvə] a
1. верхний; внешний

the over eyelid - верхнее веко

2. вышестоящий

3. излишний, избыточный; чрезмерный

over imagination - слишком богатое воображение
3. [ʹəʋvə] adv
указывает на

1. 1) нахождение или движение над чем-л. наверху; наверх

to hang over - нависать, висеть над головой

the balloon was directly over - воздушный шар находился прямо над нами

2) движение через что-л. - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой пере-

to jump over - перепрыгнуть

to step over - перешагнуть

the pot was full and the soup was boiling over - кастрюля была полна, и суп убежал

to climb over into the garden - перелезать через забор в сад

3) изменение положения, переворачивание, переход из вертикального положения в горизонтальное и т. п. - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой пере-

to roll over - перекатывать(ся)

to turn smth. over - перевернуть что-л. на другую сторону

please, turn over - смотри на обороте ( надпись)

to knock smb. over - сбить кого-л. с ног

to knock smth. over - опрокинуть что-л.

turn over on your side - поверни(те)сь на бок

he gave me a push and over I went - он толкнул меня, и я упал

the car almost swung over - автомобиль чуть не перевернулся

he stooped over to lace his shoes - он наклонился, чтобы зашнуровать ботинки

4) переход на противоположную сторону, изменение позиции - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой пере-

to go over to the enemy - перейти на сторону неприятеля

to sail over - переплыть (на другую сторону)

they went over to a five-day week - они перешли на пятидневную неделю

Over! Over to you! - радио перехожу на приём!

he drove us over to the other side of town - он отвёз нас в другой конец города

5) приближение к какому-л. месту или лицу или переход к чему-л. - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой под-

he led her over to the window - он подвёл её к окну

send her over to me - пришли её ко мне

he went over to the railings - он подошёл к перилам

to go over to see smb. - разг. зайти к кому-л., навестить кого-л.

we have guests coming over this evening - сегодня вечером к нам придут гости

to go over to the store - сходить в магазин /за покупками/

take these letters over to the post office - отнесите эти письма на почту

ask him over - пригласите его (в гости)

6) нахождение на какой-л. стороне:

over here - здесь

over there - а) (вон) там; there's a good spot over there - там есть хорошее местечко; б) амер. разг. там, в Европе ( не в Америке)

over by the hill - там, за холмом

2. повторение вновь, опять, ещё раз

over again, over and over (again) - опять, снова, много раз (подряд)

he said the same thing over and over (again) - он всё время повторял одно и то же

he read the article twice over - он ещё раз перечитал статью

to do smth. over - переделывать что-л.

he did that problem three times over - он трижды принимался за решение этой проблемы

you'll have to do it over (again) - тебе придётся переделать это

3. 1) тщательность выполнения действия или доведение его до конца - часто передается глагольными приставками про-, пере-

to think smth. over - продумать что-л.

to talk over - обсудить

to check over - проверить

to read a newspaper over - прочитать газету (от первой до последней страницы)

to look over - осмотреть; проверить

may I look the house over? - можно осмотреть дом?

dig the ground over well before planting the flowers - прежде чем сажать цветы, тщательно перекопайте землю

2) окончание чего-л.:

the lesson [the concert] is over - урок [концерт] окончен

the war was over - война кончилась

the incident is over - инцидент исчерпан

4. нерешённость, незаконченность, неурегулированность:

to lay over - откладывать; отсрочивать

to hold over a decision - откладывать принятие решения; повременить с решением

let's hold it over until the next meeting - давайте отложим это до следующего собрания

5. распространение по всему данному месту, по всей территории и т. п. ( часто all over):

to be all over in dust [in mud] - быть покрытым пылью [грязью] с головы до ног

to paint the wall over - закрасить /покрасить/ всю стену

they searched the town over - они искали по всему городу

a dress covered over with jewels - платье, усыпанное драгоценностями

her face became red all over - краска залила её лицо

he ached all over - у него болело всё тело

6. длительность протекания действия в течение какого-л. периода времени или по истечении этого периода времени:

please stay over until Monday - оставайтесь, пожалуйста, у нас до понедельника

7. передачу или переход чего-л. от одного лица к другому - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой пере-

to hand smth. over to smb. - передать что-л. кому-л.

to take over a job from smb. - продолжать работу, начатую кем-л. другим

to make a property over to smb. - передать имущество кому-л., переписать имущество на кого-л.

to get one's point over to smb. - разг. втолковать кому-л. что-л.

he willed the house over to his son - он завещал дом своему сыну

8. 1) излишек, избыток вдобавок, сверх того

boys of twelve years and over - мальчики двенадцати лет и старше

to pay the full sum and smth. over - заплатить сполна и ещё прибавить

I've got one card over - у меня осталась одна открытка

you will keep what is left over - оставьте себе, что осталось (о сдаче, о продуктах и т. п.)

nineteen divided by five makes three, and four over - девятнадцать, делённое на пять, равно трём и четыре в остатке

they were gone three hours or over - их тут нет уже три часа, а то и больше

difference over or under - одним различием больше или меньше

2) избыток или высшую степень качества чрезвычайно, сверх

she is not over strong - она не очень-то сильна

he is over polite - он в высшей степени вежливый человек

he is over tired - он переутомлён

do not be over shy - не будьте слишком застенчивы

9. измерение по диаметру или поперёк в

a board [a tree] a foot over - доска [дерево] в один фут в диаметре

10. в сочетаниях:

over against - а) напротив; Dover is over against Calais - Дувр расположен против Кале; б) против, по сравнению

to set truth over against falsehood - противопоставить правду лжи

all over - эмоц.-усил. типичный (для кого-л.)

that rudeness is George all over - такая грубость, характерна для Джорджа

she is her mother all over - она точная копия своей матери, она вся в мать

he's French all over - он вылитый француз

over with - разг. сделанный, законченный

let's hurry and get the job over with - давай(те) поторопимся и закончим наше дело /покончим с этим/

it is all over with him - с ним всё кончено; он погиб; он разорён

that's over and done with - с этим всё покончено, это предано забвению

over and above - а) к тому же, кроме того, вдобавок к; over and above, he is younger than you - и к тому же /кроме того/ он моложе вас; б) слишком, чересчур

it is not done over and above well - сделано это не слишком-то хорошо

др. сочетания см. под соответствующими словами
4. [ʹəʋvə] prep
1. указывает на

1) нахождение или движение над каким-л. предметом над

the roof over one's head - крыша над головой

a sign over the entrance - вывеска над входом

to bend /to lean/ over smb., smth. - наклониться /склониться/ над кем-л., чем-л.

heavy fog hung over the city - над городом висел густой туман

a flight over the ocean - полёт над океаном

2) положение на каком-л. предмете или поверх него на

his hat was pulled low over his eyes - его шляпа была низко надвинута на глаза

his hand was over his heart - он держал руку на сердце

her hand closed over his - она сжала его руку

the water came over his knees - вода доходила ему до колен

3) положение поперёк чего-л. через

a bridge over a river - мост через реку

he had a towel over his shoulder - через плечо у него было перекинуто полотенце

4) местоположение по другую сторону чего-л. по ту сторону, за

over the river - за рекой

over the sea - а) за морем; б) за пределами страны, за границей

a city over the border - город по ту сторону границы

to sell smth. over the counter - торговать чем-л. за прилавком

we heard voices over the wall - за стеной были слышны голоса

5) положение у, около чего-л. у

to sit over the fire - сидеть у огня /у костра/

6) надевание, натягивание чехла и т. п. на

to throw a sheet over the bed - покрыть кровать простынёй

to spread a cloth over the table - постелить (на стол) скатерть

she put an apron over her dress - она надела передник на платье

he drew the blanket over him - он натянул на себя одеяло

7) движение через что-л., по чему-л. или через какое-л. препятствие через, по

over the border - через границу

to leap over smth. - перепрыгнуть через что-л.

to help smb. over the road - помочь кому-л. перейти дорогу

to go over the bridge - пройти через мост /по мосту/

they looked over his shoulder into the room - они заглядывали в комнату через плечо

she fell over a stone - она упала, споткнувшись о камень

she stumbled over her words - она говорила запинаясь

8) движение или распространение по какой-л. поверхности в определённом или разных направлениях по; на ( часто all over)

he travelled over Europe - он путешествовал по Европе

all over the north of England - по всей северной Англии

all over the world - по всему свету

to motor over a new route - ехать на машине по новой дороге

it snowed all over the valley - в долине повсюду шёл снег

a smile stole over his face - на лице его промелькнула улыбка

he spread the butter over a slice of bread - он намазал ломтик хлеба маслом

winter settled over the mountains - в горах наступила зима

9) прикосновение к поверхности чего-л. по

he ran his hand over the machine - он провёл рукой по машине

he rubbed his hand over his cheek - он потёр щёку рукой

his hands moved over the papers on the table - он перебирал бумаги на столе

his fountain-pen drove briskly over the paper - его перо быстро и легко скользило по бумаге

he ran his eyes over the letter - он пробежал глазами письмо

the breeze from the window poured over him - на него подуло из окна

2. указывает на

1) период протекания действия в течение, за

over a long term /many/ of years - в течение долгих лет

over a period of years - в течение ряда лет

over the last two days - за последние два дня

2) включение в действие какого-л. момента, отрезка времени и т. п. включая; до

can you stay over the week-end? - можете ли вы остаться до понедельника?

the meeting was adjourned over the holidays - совещание было прервано с тем, чтобы возобновиться после праздников

3) протекание действия во время какого-л. занятия за

he fell asleep over his work - он заснул за работой

we'll discuss it over our dinner - мы обсудим это за обедом

they sat over their coffee - они сидели за кофе

how long will he be over it? - сколько времени у него это займёт?

3. указывает на

1) большее количество свыше, сверх, больше

over a mile - больше мили

over fifty millions - свыше пятидесяти миллионов

2) больший возраст, время и т. п. больше

he is over twenty - ему больше двадцати (лет)

he spoke over an hour - он говорил больше часа

4. указывает на

1) более высокое положение, преимущество, преобладание, господство, власть и т. п. над

superiority over smb. - превосходство над кем-л.

an advantage over smb. - преимущество перед кем-л.

to triumph over smth. - восторжествовать над чем-л.

to rule over smth. - управлять /править/ чем-л.

she has no control over her temper - она не умеет сдерживаться

he has no command over himself - он собой не владеет

2) более высокий ранг, положение выше, старше

a colonel is over a lieutenant - полковник по чину старше лейтенанта

he is over me in the office - он мой начальник

5. указывает на

1) предмет мысли, спора и т. п. о, относительно, по поводу, касательно

a dispute over smth. - спор о чём-л.

to quarrel over a matter - ссориться по поводу чего-л.

there was disagreement over the agenda - при обсуждении повестки дня возникли разногласия

to think over smth. - обдумывать что-л., думать над чем-л.

to laugh over smth. - смеяться над чем-л.

don't concern yourself over the expenses - о расходах не беспокойтесь

he is worried over his health - он обеспокоен своим здоровьем

2) предмет рассмотрения, просмотра и т. п. - часто передаётся глагольной приставкой про-

to go over smb.'s notes - (внимательно) прочесть чьи-л. заметки

to go over the details - вспомнить /мысленно представить себе/ все подробности

he went over everything in his pockets - он тщательно проверил всё, что у него было в карманах

6. указывает на преодоление трудностей, препятствий и т. п.:

to get over difficulties - справиться с трудностями

I got over my cold quickly - я быстро оправился от простуды

we're over the worst - самое худшее уже позади

7. указывает на способ передвижения, пересылки, передачи по

over the air - по воздуху

over the radio - по радио

to talk over the telephone - (по)говорить по телефону

8. указывает на лицо, с которым что-л. происходит или случается:

depression crept over him - им овладело уныние

a feeling of relief came over him - он почувствовал облегчение

a change came over him - он изменился

what has come over you? - разг. что (это) на вас нашло?

♢ it is over my head - это выше моего понимания

over head and ears, head over ears - по уши; по горло

to be head over ears in love - быть безумно /по уши/ влюблённым

to be head over ears in work - быть по горло занятым работой

head over heels - кувырком, вверх ногами; вверх тормашками

over the left - как раз наоборот

it will suit you perfectly well. - Over the left! - это вам очень подойдёт. - Скажете тоже!

over the signature of smb., over smb.'s signature - за подписью кого-л., за чьей-л. подписью

др. сочетания см. под соответствующими словами

НБАРС > over
10 over

I.

over n Sport partie f d'un match de cricket (lors de laquelle le serveur lance six balles d'une extrémité du terrain).

II.

over

❢ Over is used after many verbs in English ( change over, fall over, lean over etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (change, fall, lean etc). over is often used with another preposition in English (to, in, on) without altering the meaning. In this case over is usually not translated in French: to be over in France = être en France ; to swim over to sb = nager vers qn. over is often used with nouns in English when talking about superiority ( control over, priority over etc) or when giving the cause of something ( delays over, trouble over etc). For translations, consult the appropriate noun entry (control, priority, delay, trouble etc). over is often used as a prefix in verb combinations ( overeat), adjective combinations ( overconfident) and noun combinations ( overcoat). These combinations are treated as headwords in the dictionary.

For particular usages see the entry below.

A prep

1 ( across the top of) par-dessus ; to jump/look/talk over a wall sauter/regarder/parler par-dessus un mur ; to step over the cat passer par-dessus le chat ; a bridge over the Thames un pont sur la Tamise ;

2 ( from or on the other side of) my neighbour/the house over the road mon voisin/la maison d'en face ; it's just over the road/river c'est juste de l'autre côté de la rue/rivière ; the noise came from over the wall le bruit venait de l'autre côté du mur ; over here/there par ici/là ; come over here! viens (par) ici! ; from over the sea/the Atlantic/the Channel d'outre-mer/d'outre-atlantique/d'outre-manche ;

3 ( above but not touching) au-dessus de ; clouds over the valley des nuages au-dessus de la vallée ; they live over the shop ils habitent au-dessus de la boutique ;

4 (covering, surrounding) sur ; to spill tea over sth renverser du thé sur qch ; he's spilled tea over it il a renversé du thé dessus ; to carry one's coat over one's arm porter son manteau sur le bras ; to wear a sweater over one's shirt porter un pull par-dessus sa chemise ; shutters over the windows des volets aux fenêtres ;

5 ( physically higher than) the water was ou came over my ankles j'avais de l'eau jusqu'aux chevilles ;

6 ( more than) plus de ; children (of) over six les enfants de plus de six ans ; to be over 21 avoir plus de 21 ans ; well over 200 bien plus de 200 ; to take over a year prendre plus d'un an ; temperatures over 40° des températures supérieures à 40° ;

7 (in rank, position) to be over sb gen être supérieur à qn ; Mil être plus gradé que qn ;

8 ( in the course of) over the weekend/the summer pendant le week-end/l'été ; over a period of sur une période de ; over the last decade/few days au cours des dix dernières années/de ces derniers jours ; he has changed over the years il a changé avec le temps ; to do sth over Christmas faire qch à Noël or pendant les vacances de Noël ; to stay with sb over Easter passer les vacances de Pâques chez qn ; to talk over coffee/lunch parler autour d'une tasse de café/d'un déjeuner ;

9 ( recovered from) to be over s'être remis de [illness, operation, loss] ; she'll be over it soon elle s'en remettra vite ; to be over the worst avoir passé le pire ;

10 ( by means of) over the phone par téléphone ; over the radio à la radio ;

11 ( everywhere in) to travel all over the world/Africa voyager partout dans le monde/en Afrique ; to search all over the house chercher partout dans la maison ; to show sb over a house montrer or faire visiter une maison à qn ; I've lived all over France j'ai habité un peu partout en France ;

12 ( because of) to laugh over sth rire de qch ; to pause over sth s'arrêter sur qch ; how long will you be over it? combien de temps cela te prendra-t-il? ;

13 Math 12 over 3 is 4 12 divisé par 3 égale 4.

B over and above prep phr over and above that en plus de cela ; over and above the minimum requirement au-delà du minimum requis.

C adj, adv

1 ( use with verbs not covered in NOTE) over she went elle est tombée ; over you go! allez hop! ; does it go under or over? est-ce que ça va en dessous ou au-dessus? ;

2 ( finished) to be over [term, meeting, incident] être terminé ; [war] être fini ; after the war is over lorsque la guerre sera finie ; it was all over by Christmas à Noël tout était fini ; when this is all over quand tout ceci sera fini ; to get sth over with en finir avec qch ;

3 ( more) children of six and over ou six or over les enfants de plus de six ans ; it can be two metres or over cela peut faire deux mètres ou plus ; temperatures of 40 ° and over des températures supérieures à 40° ;

4 ( remaining) two biscuits each and one over deux biscuits par personne et il en reste un ; six metres and a bit over un peu plus de six mètres ; 2 into 5 goes 2 and 1 over 5 divisé par 2 font 2 et il reste 1 ; there's nothing over il ne reste rien ; ⇒ leave over (leave) ;

5 (to one's house, country) to invite ou ask sb over inviter qn ; come over for lunch venez déjeuner ; we had them over on Sunday/for dinner ils sont venus dimanche/dîner ; they were over for the day ils sont venus pour la journée ; they're over from Sydney ils sont venus de Sydney ; when you're next over this way la prochaine fois que tu passes dans le coin ;

6 Radio, TV over! à vous! ; over to you à vous ; now over to Tim for the weather laissons la place à Tim pour la météo ; now over to our Paris studios nous passons l'antenne à nos studios de Paris ;

7 ( showing repetition) five/several times over cinq/plusieurs fois de suite ; to start all over again recommencer à zéro ; I had to do it over US j'ai dû recommencer ; to hit sb over and over (again) frapper qn sans s'arrêter ; I've told you over and over (again)… je t'ai dit je ne sais combien de fois… ;

8 GB ( excessively) I'm not over keen je ne suis pas très enthousiaste ; she wasn't over pleased elle n'était pas très contente.

Big English-French dictionary > over
11 durante los últimos + Número + años

= over the last + Número + years

Ex. The growth of Internet access over the last five years is staggering = El crecimiento del acceso a Internet ha sido asombroso durante los últimos cinco años.

* * *

= over the last + Número + years

Ex: The growth of Internet access over the last five years is staggering = El crecimiento del acceso a Internet ha sido asombroso durante los últimos cinco años.

Spanish-English dictionary > durante los últimos + Número + años
12 leapfrog

['liːpfrɔg] 1. сущ.
1) чехарда ( игра)

Syn:

reshuffle

2) воен. движение перекатами

3) эк. скачкообразный рост заработной платы
2. гл.
1) прыгать ( как в игре в чехарду)

… as they leapfrogged and hopscotched around the courtyard below. — … в то время как они играли в чехарду и в классики внизу во дворе.

He leapfrogged the fence. — Он перепрыгнул через изгородь.

2) бежать или ехать попеременно обгоняя друг друга

3) обскакать, опередить, превзойти

Featuring low prices and a wide range of items, the company has leapfrogged over all its rivals over the last five years. — Благодаря низким ценам и широкому ассортименту компания за пять лет обскакала всех своих конкурентов.

In 2007, Toyota nearly leapfrogged GM in annual global sales. — В 2007 году "Тойота" чуть не опередила "Дженерал моторс" по годовому объёму мировых продаж.

4)

а) сделать резкий скачок, подскочить

Prices leapfrogged three times. — Цены возросли втрое.

He leapfrogged to the top of the championship table. — Он взлетел на вершину турнирной таблицы.

б) вызывать резкий скачок, повышение

5) воен. двигаться перекатами

Англо-русский современный словарь > leapfrog
13 nola

adb.

1. how; \nola egin zuen hori? how did she do that?; \nola adieraz daiteke horrelako sentimendu bat? how can such a sentiment be expressed?; \nola, ordea? how then?

b. ( zer dela eta?) how, how come; \nola sal dezakezu zeure aberria? how can you betray your own country?

c. ( harridura adierazteko) \nola ez duzu gogoko? what do you mean you don't like it?; \nola ez? why not? | what do you mean, no?

d. ( zehar galderetan) ez dakit \nola egin behar den I don't know how it must be done; Jainkoak daki \nola God knows how; gero, \nola ez dakigula, atzoko franquismozaleak bihurtu zitzaizkigun gaur egungo demokraziazaleak then — somehow, some way — yesterday's supporters of Franco became today's supporters of democracy

2. eleberrigile handien artean, \nola ez, Tolstoi da handienetakoa among the great novelists, of course, Tolstoy is one of the greatest

3. ( \nola ere...)

a. azken bost urteotan langabezia handitu da — \nola handitu ere — eta ez dakigu konponbidea zer den unemployment has increased over the last five years — and increased it certainly has — and we don't know what the solution is; orain arte Japoniaren ekonomia indartsua izan da — \nola indartsua ere! — eta orain, dirudienez, ahultzen ari da up to now the Japanese economy has been strong — indeed, very strong — and now it is apparently weakening

b. gizartea ere aldatu zaigu — \nola ere aldatu — eta elizak ere aldatu beharko du our society has changed — and changed it has! — and the church will also have to change junt.

1. ( \nola... hala) \nola zeruan, hala lurrean on earth as in heaven

b. ( atsotitzetan b.b.) like... like; \nola aita hala seme (atsot.) like father, like son (atsot.) ; \nola bizi hala hil (atsot.) a good life makes a good death (atsot.)

2. ( kausazko perpaus txertatu baten buru bezala, -bait edo -(e)n hartzen delarik)

a. as; zeren \nola anarterainokoan beti artzain ibili baitzen, ez baitzen oraino armetan usatua since hitherto he had been a shepherd, he wasn't skilled in the use of weaponry until then; mendi handiak \nola diren, neguan ez da han giro as the mountains are high up, one cannot stay there in the wintertime

b. ( perpaus azalgarri baten buruan) kontzientzia bere bidean dagoenean, \nola baitago bekaturik ez duenean, orduan da aise eta bere gogara when his conscience is on course, as it is when there is no sin, then is he at ease and contented interj. \nola? what? | I beg your pardon?

Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > nola
14 membership

сущ.

1) общ. членство; звание члена

to apply for membership — заявлять о желании вступить в члены (организации)

to take out membership — приобретать членство в организаии

membership card — членский билет

membership fee — членский взнос

membership directory [list\] — список членов ( организации)

Members receive a copy of the membership directory, which is updated twice a year. — Члены организации также получают копию списка членов, который обновляется два раза в год.

See:

membership director

2)

а) общ. количество членов (какой-л. организации); состав

Trade Union membership declined by 5% over the last five years. — За последние пять лет количество членов профсоюза сократилось на 5%.

б) общ. рядовые члены (партии, профсоюза и т. п.)

See:

member

Англо-русский экономический словарь > membership
15 año

m.

anus.

* * *

ano

► nombre masculino

1 anus

* * *

noun m.

1) year

2) grade

•

- año bisiesto
- Año Nuevo
- tener cinco años
- tener años
* * *

SM anus

* * *

masculino anus

* * *

= year, grade.

Ex. Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.

Ex. Each grade tackles a different genre e.g. fifth graders read historical fiction.

----

* 365 días al año = year-round.

* a años luz de = light years away from.

* al año = per annum, per year.

* algunos años más tarde = some years on.

* alumno de cuarto año = fourth grader.

* alumno de primer año = first grader.

* alumno de quinto año = fifth grader.

* alumno de segundo año = second grader.

* alumno de séptimo año = seventh grader.

* alumno de sexto año = sixth grader.

* alumno de tercer año = third grader.

* alumno de un año = grader.

* a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.

* a medida que + pasar + el año = as the year + wear on.

* a medida que + transcurrir + el año = as the year + wear on.

* anormal para la época del año = unseasonably.

* año a año = year by year.

* año académico = academic year, school year.

* año anterior, el = past year, the.

* año bisiesto = leap year.

* año civil = calendar year.

* año contable = accounting year.

* año del calendario = calendar year.

* año de trabajo = man year.

* año económico = financial year.

* año entrante, el = coming year, the.

* año escolar = school year.

* año financiero = financial year.

* año fiscal = fiscal year, business year, accounting year, tax year.

* año luz = light year.

* año maravilloso = annus mirabilis.

* año natural = calendar year.

* Año Nuevo = New Year.

* año pasado, el = last year.

* año próximo = next year, following year.

* año próximo, el = coming year, the.

* año que viene = next year, following year.

* año sabático = gap year.

* años anteriores = earlier years.

* años de antigüedad = length of service.

* años de entreguerras = inter-war years.

* años de posguerra, los = post-war years, the.

* años de vacas flacas = lean years.

* año siguiente = next year, following year.

* años sesenta, los = sixties, the.

* años veinte, los = twenties, the.

* años venideros, los = years ahead, the.

* año terrestre = earth year.

* año tras año = year after year, year by year, year in and year out.

* a partir de ahora y + Cuantificador + algunos años = for + Cuantificador + years to come.

* apto para mayores de 13 años o menores acompañados = PG-13.

* atípico para la época del año = unseasonably.

* a través de los años = over the years, down the years.

* buenos propósitos de Año Nuevo = New Year's resolution.

* cada año = annually, on a yearly basis, year-on-year, yearly.

* cada diez años = ten-yearly.

* cada dos años = biennially.

* cada pocos años = every few years.

* chico o chica de trece años = thirteen-year-old.

* con el paso de los años = with the passing of (the) years.

* con el transcurso de los años = over the years, with the passing of (the) years.

* conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.

* conforme + pasar + el año = as the year + wear on.

* conforme + transcurrir + el año = as the year + wear on.

* con + Número + año(s) de antelación = Número + year(s) ahead.

* con una antelación de un año = a year ahead of schedule.

* crisis de los siete años = seven-year itch.

* de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.

* de cinco años = five yearly [five-yearly].

* de final de año = end-year.

* de fin de año = end of the year.

* de hace años = of years ago.

* de hace muchos años = long-standing.

* del año catapún = from the year dot.

* del año de la nada = from the year dot.

* del año de la pera = from the year dot.

* del año de Maricastaña = from the year dot.

* del año maricastaño = from the year dot.

* de mediados de año = mid-year [midyear].

* de mitad de año = mid-year [midyear].

* dentro de unos años = in a few years' time.

* dentro de unos cuantos años = in a few years' time.

* de + Número + años de edad = aged + Número.

* desde hace años = over the years, for years past, for years.

* desde hace muchos años = for years.

* desde hace varios años + Presente = for several years + Pretérito Perfecto.

* desde hace ya años = for years now.

* de tercer año = third-year.

* de trece años de edad = thirteen-year-old.

* de un año a otro = from year to year, from one year to another, from one year to the next.

* dos años = two-year period.

* dos veces al año = twice yearly [twice-yearly], semiannual [semi-annual].

* durante algunos años = for some years, over a period of years.

* durante años = for years.

* durante años y años = for years and years (and years).

* durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.

* durante el año pasado = over the past year.

* durante el próximo año = over the next year.

* durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.

* durante el último año = over the last year.

* durante la mayor parte del año = for the best part of the year.

* durante los primeros años = during the early years.

* durante los próximos años = for the next few years, over the next few years, during the next few years.

* durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.

* durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.

* durante miles de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.

* durante millones de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.

* durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).

* durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.

* el año próximo = the year ahead.

* en años anteriores = in prior years, in years past, in past years.

* en + Cantidad + años = in + Cantidad + years' time.

* en dos años = over a two-year period.

* en el año catapún = in the dim and distant past.

* en el año del Señor = in the year of our Lord.

* en el año entrante = in the coming year.

* en el año próximo = in the coming year.

* en el año venidero = in the coming year.

* en el mismo número de años = in as many years.

* en el próximo año = in the year ahead.

* en el transcurso de algunos años = over a period of years.

* en esta época del año = around this time of year.

* en los años intermedios = in the intervening years.

* en los años que siguieron = over the ensuing years.

* en los primeros años de = early in.

* en los primeros años de vida = early in life.

* en los próximos años = in the next few years.

* en los últimos años = in recent years, over the recent past, in the last few years.

* en los últimos años de = in the last years of.

* en sus años de apogeo = in + Posesivo + heyday.

* en sus años de auge = in + Posesivo + heyday.

* entrado en años = long in the tooth.

* en unos años = within a few years, in a few years' time.

* en unos cuantos años = within a few years, in a few years' time.

* en unos pocos años = within a few years.

* época del año = season.

* estar a años de distancia = be years away.

* estudiante de penúltimo año = junior student, junior.

* estudiante de primer año = freshman [freshmen, -pl.], first-year student.

* estudiante de segundo año = sophomore.

* estudiante de último año = senior student, senior.

* existir desde hace años = be around for years.

* fin de año = EOY (end of year), end of the year.

* hace algunos años = some years ago.

* hace años = years ago.

* hace miles de años = aeons ago.

* hace muchísimos años = a great many years ago.

* hace muchos años = many years ago.

* hace + Número + años = Número + years ago.

* hace unos pocos años = a few years ago.

* hace un par de años = a couple of years ago.

* hace varios años = several years ago.

* los 365 días del año = year-round.

* los años cincuenta = fifties.

* los años maravillosos = the halcyon days.

* los años treinta = thirties.

* mayor de 25 años = mature adult.

* menores de cinco años, los = under-fives, the.

* miles de años = aeon [eon], thousands of years.

* millones de años = aeon [eon].

* niños entre cinco y siete años = five-to-sevens.

* Número + al año = Número + annually.

* Número + años de diferencia = Número + year gap.

* Número + años después = Número + years on.

* Número + cada año = Número + annually.

* para el año próximo = for the year ahead.

* pasar al siguiente año fiscal = roll over.

* pasar año(s) antes de que = be year(s) before.

* período de cinco años = five-year period, period of five years.

* por dos años = two-year.

* Posesivo + años mozos = Posesivo + salad days.

* primer año de carrera = freshman year.

* primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.

* próximos años, los = years ahead, the.

* próximos años, the = next few years, the.

* que dura todo el año = year-round.

* según la estación del año = seasonally.

* todo el año = year-round.

* todos los años = on a yearly basis, year in and year out, year-on-year.

* un año antes de = a year ahead of.

* un año antes de lo previsto = a year ahead of schedule.

* un año tras otro = year after year.

* una vez al año = annually, once a year.

* veinticuatro horas al día, siete días a la semana, 365 días al año = 24/7/365.

* víspera de Año Nuevo = New Year's Eve.

* * *

masculino anus

* * *

= anus.

Ex: Homosexuality, cuckoldry, flowering anuses, zombies, monstrosity, gambling, banquets, viral contagion all become signs of a historical epoch which exists in a repetitious & catastrophic crisis.

* * *

ano

masculine

anus

Compuestos:

● ano artificial

colostomy

● ano contra natura

( RPl) colostomy

* * *

Multiple Entries:
ano
año
ano sustantivo masculino
anus
año sustantivo masculino
1 ( período) year;
◊ los años 50 the 50s;

el año pasado last year;
una vez al año once a year;
hace años que no lo veo I haven't seen him for o in years;
el año de la pera or de Maricastaña (fam): ese peinado es del año de la pera that hairstyle went out with the ark (colloq), that hairstyle is really old-fashioned;
un disco del año de la pera a record that's really ancient;
año bisiesto leap year;
año fiscal fiscal year (AmE), tax year (BrE);
año luz light year;
Año Nuevo New Year
2 ( indicando edad):
◊ soltero, de 30 años de edad single, 30 years old o (frml) 30 years of age;

¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?;
tengo 14 años I'm 14 (years old);
hoy cumple 29 años she's 29 today;
ya debe de tener sus añitos he must be getting on (a bit);
quitarse años: se quita años she's older than she admits o says
3 ( curso) year;
◊ año académico/escolar academic/school year

ano sustantivo masculino anus
año sustantivo masculino
1 year: el año pasado nos fuimos a Bahía, we went to Bahía last year
el año que viene acabará la carrera, she'll finish her university studies next year
hace años que no nos vemos, we haven't seen each other for ages
en el año 1945, in 1945
2 (de edad) years old: mi hija tiene cuatro años, my daughter is four (years old)
cumple años el 15, it's her birthday on the 15th
3 año académico/escolar/sabático, academic/school/sabbatical year
año bisiesto, leap year
años luz, light years
Año Nuevo, New Year
los años cuarenta, the forties
Recuerda que para expresar la edad no se usa el verbo to have sino el verbo to be: Tiene trece años. He is thirteen o he is thirteen years old. Nunca debes decir he is thirteen years. Si quieres expresar la edad de un bebé: tiene once meses, tienes que decir he is eleven months old.
' año' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelantarse
- ano
- antes
- bisiesto
- caer
- cara
- caza
- cosecha
- curso
- de
- dentro
- dividendo
- edad
- escalonar
- escolar
- estación
- estirón
- fin
- floración
- ir
- gustar
- ingresar
- inocentada
- judicial
- mediada
- mediado
- ordenarse
- pera
- polca
- presente
- proceso
- sabática
- sabático
- salida
- sangrar
- ubérrima
- ubérrimo
- víspera
- acabar
- académico
- altura
- antepasado
- apertura
- aquí
- comparación
- correr
- corriente
- cursar
- día
- entrante
English:
academic year
- afford
- after
- anniversary
- anus
- appreciate
- apprentice
- arms control
- attain
- attribute
- before
- best
- borrower
- bumper
- bundle
- bust
- clock up
- come out
- coming
- current
- curtail
- date back to
- date from
- day off
- disturbance
- downturn
- due
- early
- eventful
- expand
- expatriate
- extend
- financial year
- first
- flower
- focus
- fold
- free
- freeze
- freshman
- get
- go out
- go through
- go under
- happy
- hold
- leap year
- light year
- move away
- next

* * *

ano nm

anus

* * *

ano

m ANAT anus

* * *

ano nm

: anus

* * *

año n year

mi hermano nació hace un año my brother was born a year ago

fuimos a Inglaterra el año pasado we went to England last year

tener... años to be... years old

tengo 16 años I'm 16 years old / I'm 16

¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?

año bisiesto leap year

año escolar school year

año nuevo new year

Spanish-English dictionary > año
16 durante

prep.

during (mientras).

por favor, desconecten sus teléfonos móviles durante la proyección please insure mobile phones are switched off during the film

durante la guerra during the war

estuvo sin beber durante un año he went (for) a year without drinking

durante el verano mejoró su situación económica his financial situation improved over the summer

durante una hora for an hour

durante toda su vida throughout her life

m.

Durante, Jimmy Durante.

* * *

durante

► adverbio

1 during, in, for

■ viví allí durante un año I lived there for a year

■ durante el verano during the summer

■ durante todo el día all day long

* * *

prep.

during, for

* * *

PREP [con espacio de tiempo] during; [expresando la duración] for

¿qué hiciste durante las vacaciones? — what did you do in o during the holidays?

¿ha llovido durante el fin de semana? — did it rain at o over the weekend?

habló durante una hora — he spoke for an hour

durante muchos años — for many years

durante toda la noche — all through the night, all night long
DURANTE Para traducir durante tenemos que diferenciar si hace referencia a cuándo ocurre la acción o a cuánto dura. ¿Cuándo ocurre la acción? ► Traducimos durante por during si nos referimos al intervalo de tiempo en que ocurre la acción, cuando la referencia temporal la indica un suceso o actividad determinados: Se conocieron durante la guerra They met during the war Se puso enferma durante una visita a Madrid She became ill during a visit to Madrid La bomba hizo explosión durante la entrega de premios The bomb went off during the prize-giving ceremony ► También se traduce por during cuando la referencia temporal viene indicada por un periodo de tiempo concreto: El tráfico es peor durante el verano The traffic is worse during the summer Durante los años treinta la economía se hallaba en dificultades The economy was in difficulties during the 1930s Si se trata de una acción progresiva, o que continúa o que se repite durante todo el periodo de tiempo que se indica, es preferible traducir durante por over: La situación ha empeorado durante los últimos años The situation has worsened over the last few years Durante el fin de semana el actor ha sido visto en varias ocasiones There have been several sightings of the actor over the weekend ¿Cuánto dura la acción? ► Si nos referimos a la duración de la acción, durante se traduce generalmente por for: Llevo sufriendo dolores de cabeza durante más de treinta años I've been having headaches for more than 30 years Fue periodista durante cuatro años He was a journalist for four years Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
* * *

preposición ( en el transcurso de) during; ( cuando se especifica la duración) for

durante 1980 — during o in 1980

gobernó el país durante casi dos décadas — she governed the country for almost two decades

durante la semana — during the week

trabajé en casa durante toda esa semana — I worked at home all that week

los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre — prices rose by 0.3% in December

su condición ha empeorado durante los últimos días — his condition has worsened over the last few days

* * *

= at the stage of, during, throughout.

Ex. At the stage of subject analysis the indexer decides which, and there how many, concepts are selected for indexing purposes.

Ex. This article singles out four trends which have influenced the work of UNESCO during the last decade.

Ex. Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.

----

* aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.

* ausentarse durante + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.

* autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.

* durante algunos años = for some years, over a period of years.

* durante algún tiempo = for a while, for some time, for some while, for some time to come, for days.

* durante años = for years.

* durante años y años = for years and years (and years).

* durante casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.

* durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.

* durante cierto tiempo = over a period of time.

* durante cuánto tiempo = how long.

* durante demasiado tiempo = for too long.

* durante días = for days.

* durante días y días = for days on end.

* durante el año pasado = over the past year.

* durante el apogeo de = during the height of, during the heyday of.

* durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.

* durante el descanso = at breaktime.

* durante el día = by day, daytime [day-time], in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.

* durante el entrenamiento = in practice.

* durante el fin de semana = over the weekend.

* durante el próximo año = over the next year.

* durante el transcurso de = over the course of.

* durante el transcurso de los acontecimientos = in the course of events, during the course of events.

* durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.

* durante el transporte = in transit.

* durante el último año = over the last year.

* durante el vuelo = in-flight.

* durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.

* durante este tiempo = in this time.

* durante + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal, over + Expresión Temporal.

* durante + Expresión Temporal + y + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal + on end.

* durante generaciones = for generations.

* durante la bajamar = at low tide.

* durante la búsqueda = at the search stage.

* durante la década de = through + Década.

* durante la guerra = during wartime, wartime [wart-time], war years, the.

* durante la mayor parte de = for much of.

* durante la mayor parte del año = for the best part of the year.

* durante la Navidad = at Christmas time.

* durante la noche = overnight, night-time.

* durante la Pascua = at Christmas time.

* durante la pleamar = at high tide.

* durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.

* durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.

* durante las horas puntas = at peak periods.

* durante la tira de tiempo = for donkey's years.

* durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.

* durante los primeros años = during the early years.

* durante los próximos años = for the next few years, over the next few years, during the next few years.

* durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.

* durante los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.

* durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.

* durante meses y meses = for months on end.

* durante miles de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.

* durante millones de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.

* durante muchas horas = for many long hours.

* durante muchísimo tiempo = for ages and ages (and ages), in ages (and ages and ages).

* durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).

* durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).

* durante + Posesivo + madurez = in later life.

* durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.

* durante tanto tiempo = for so long, so long.

* durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.

* durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.

* durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].

* durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.

* durante todo = all the way through, throughout.

* durante todo el día = all day long.

* durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.

* durante todo el verano = all summer long.

* durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.

* durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.

* durante unos instantes = for a bit.

* durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.

* durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.

* durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.

* durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.

* durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.

* durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.

* durante un porrón de tiempo = for donkey's years.

* durante un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come.

* durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.

* esperado durante tiempo y con ansiedad = long-and-expectantly-awaited.

* fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.

* observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.

* trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.

* * *

preposición ( en el transcurso de) during; ( cuando se especifica la duración) for

durante 1980 — during o in 1980

gobernó el país durante casi dos décadas — she governed the country for almost two decades

durante la semana — during the week

trabajé en casa durante toda esa semana — I worked at home all that week

los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre — prices rose by 0.3% in December

su condición ha empeorado durante los últimos días — his condition has worsened over the last few days

* * *

= at the stage of, during, throughout.

Ex: At the stage of subject analysis the indexer decides which, and there how many, concepts are selected for indexing purposes.

Ex: This article singles out four trends which have influenced the work of UNESCO during the last decade.

Ex: Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.

* aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.

* ausentarse durante + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.

* autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.

* durante algunos años = for some years, over a period of years.

* durante algún tiempo = for a while, for some time, for some while, for some time to come, for days.

* durante años = for years.

* durante años y años = for years and years (and years).

* durante casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.

* durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.

* durante cierto tiempo = over a period of time.

* durante cuánto tiempo = how long.

* durante demasiado tiempo = for too long.

* durante días = for days.

* durante días y días = for days on end.

* durante el año pasado = over the past year.

* durante el apogeo de = during the height of, during the heyday of.

* durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.

* durante el descanso = at breaktime.

* durante el día = by day, daytime [day-time], in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.

* durante el entrenamiento = in practice.

* durante el fin de semana = over the weekend.

* durante el próximo año = over the next year.

* durante el transcurso de = over the course of.

* durante el transcurso de los acontecimientos = in the course of events, during the course of events.

* durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.

* durante el transporte = in transit.

* durante el último año = over the last year.

* durante el vuelo = in-flight.

* durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.

* durante este tiempo = in this time.

* durante + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal, over + Expresión Temporal.

* durante + Expresión Temporal + y + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal + on end.

* durante generaciones = for generations.

* durante la bajamar = at low tide.

* durante la búsqueda = at the search stage.

* durante la década de = through + Década.

* durante la guerra = during wartime, wartime [wart-time], war years, the.

* durante la mayor parte de = for much of.

* durante la mayor parte del año = for the best part of the year.

* durante la Navidad = at Christmas time.

* durante la noche = overnight, night-time.

* durante la Pascua = at Christmas time.

* durante la pleamar = at high tide.

* durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.

* durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.

* durante las horas puntas = at peak periods.

* durante la tira de tiempo = for donkey's years.

* durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.

* durante los primeros años = during the early years.

* durante los próximos años = for the next few years, over the next few years, during the next few years.

* durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.

* durante los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.

* durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.

* durante meses y meses = for months on end.

* durante miles de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.

* durante millones de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.

* durante muchas horas = for many long hours.

* durante muchísimo tiempo = for ages and ages (and ages), in ages (and ages and ages).

* durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).

* durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).

* durante + Posesivo + madurez = in later life.

* durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.

* durante tanto tiempo = for so long, so long.

* durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.

* durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.

* durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].

* durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.

* durante todo = all the way through, throughout.

* durante todo el día = all day long.

* durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.

* durante todo el verano = all summer long.

* durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.

* durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.

* durante unos instantes = for a bit.

* durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.

* durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.

* durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.

* durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.

* durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.

* durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.

* durante un porrón de tiempo = for donkey's years.

* durante un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come.

* durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.

* esperado durante tiempo y con ansiedad = long-and-expectantly-awaited.

* fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.

* observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.

* trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.

* * *

durante [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]

prep

(en el transcurso de) during; (cuando se especifica la duración) for

durante mi ausencia/su reinado during my absence/his reign

durante 1980 during o in 1980

gobernó el país durante casi dos décadas she governed the country for almost two decades

normalmente no salimos durante la semana we don't normally go out during the week

trabajé en casa durante toda esa semana I worked at home all that week o for the whole of that week

los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre prices rose by 0.3% in December

cuando estas drogas se toman durante un período largo when these drugs are taken over o for a long period

su condición ha empeorado durante los últimos días his condition has worsened over the last few days

durante estos días realiza una gira por Italia she is at present o currently on tour in Italy

* * *

durante preposición ( en el transcurso de) during;
( cuando se especifica la duración) for;
◊ durante 1980 during o in 1980;

gobernó el país durante casi dos décadas she governed the country for almost two decades;
los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre prices rose by 0.3% in December;
durante todo el invierno throughout the winter
durante preposición during: caminamos durante dos horas, we walked for two hours
hablaremos durante la cena, we'll talk over dinner
se durmió durante la conferencia, she fell asleep during the lecture
estuvo llorando durante toda la noche, she was crying all night long
Recuerda que during se usa con el "nombre" de un período (la guerra, el concierto, el día) y responde a la pregunta ¿cuándo ocurrió? For expresa duración ( tres días, un par de segundos) y responde a la pregunta ¿cuánto tiempo duró?

' durante' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amiga
- amigo
- arrojadiza
- arrojadizo
- cada
- cañón
- cesar
- clásica
- clásico
- cola
- como
- contienda
- continuismo
- corrillo
- desarrollo
- desnaturalizar
- día
- empeorar
- encierro
- exilio
- extracorpórea
- extracorpóreo
- filmación
- herida
- legislatura
- mes
- mientras
- novelón
- pajolera
- pajolero
- por
- seguida
- seguido
- ver
- adolescencia
- bajada
- callado
- cartearse
- cartelera
- cierto
- crecimiento
- detenido
- empatar
- guardar
- lactancia
- meditar
- reemplazar
- reemplazo
- zarandear
English:
all
- allege
- almost
- antsy
- appal
- appall
- assistant
- badly
- besiege
- blackout
- blow
- canvasser
- climate
- collapse
- composed
- course
- craving
- crib
- deliberate
- detention
- diving
- during
- ensue
- ferment
- flatten
- fluster
- fold
- for
- forceps
- go on
- go-between
- guffaw
- haggle
- hold against
- homesick
- hooligan
- hound
- in
- in-flight
- injure
- intermission
- intermittent
- interrogate
- keep in
- major
- monstrosity
- neutrality
- observation
- outage
- over

* * *

durante prep
[en todo el tiempo de] for; [mientras] during;
estuvo sin beber durante un año he went (for) a year without drinking;

durante una hora for an hour;

durante todo el mes de febrero for the whole of February, throughout the month of February;

durante las vacaciones during the Br holidays o US vacation;

llovió varias veces durante la semana it rained several times during the week;

por favor, desconecten sus teléfonos móviles durante la proyección please ensure cellphones o Br mobile phones are switched off during the movie;

durante un año se produjeron tres seísmos en la zona there were three earthquakes in the area in the space of a year;

durante su estancia en Londres visitó varios museos he visited several museums while he was in London;

durante el verano mejoró su situación económica his financial situation improved over the summer;

llovió durante toda la semana it rained all week;

durante el mes de febrero in February

* * *

durante

prp indicando duración during; indicando período for;

durante seis meses for six months

* * *

durante prep

: during

durante todo el día: all day long

trabajó durante tres horas: he worked for three hours

* * *

durante prep

1. during

durante las vacaciones during the holidays

durante la noche during the night

2. for

durante dos semanas for two weeks

estuvo inconsciente durante cinco minutos he was unconscious for five minutes

ha llovido durante todo el día it's been raining all day

Spanish-English dictionary > durante
17 run

[rʌn] 1. гл.; прош. вр. ran; прич. прош. вр. run
1)

а) бежать, бегать

to run home — бежать домой

to run upstairs — побежать наверх

to run the streets — бегать по улицам

I've got to run for my bus. — Мне пришлось побежать, чтобы успеть на автобус.

He ran the mile in under four minutes. — Он пробежал милю меньше чем за четыре минуты.

The dog ran at the visitor and bit him. — Собака бросилась на посетителя и укусила его.

I opened the door and the cat ran in. — Я открыл дверь, и в дом забежала кошка.

He ran at me and kicked me. — Он подбежал ко мне и ударил.

Would you run up and get my glasses? — Поднимись, пожалуйста, принеси мне очки.

Lots of people ran out to see what had caused the noise. — Масса народу выбежала на улицу поглядеть, из-за чего этот шум.

Don't run away, I want to talk to you. — Погоди, я хочу с тобой поговорить.

- run for it

б) бегать, передвигаться свободно, без ограничений

Let chickens run loose. — Пусть цыплята побегают на свободе.

в) быстро уходить, убегать; спасаться бегством, дезертировать

The robbers took the money and ran. — Грабители забрали деньги и сбежали.

I should have to run the country. — Мне придётся покинуть страну.

If they run their board I shall have to pay it. — Если они сбегут, не заплатив за еду, платить придётся мне.

Syn:

leave, depart, abscond, desert

2)

а) преследовать; гнать

to run a fox to cover — гнать лису в укрытие

б) заставлять (лошадь и т. п.) быстро бежать ( особенно при езде верхом), гнать, погонять

The horses were run rapidly forward to the skirmish-line. — Лошадей галопом направили к линии огня.

в) загонять

to run smb. ragged / off his legs — загонять кого-л. до изнеможения

He had almost run himself to a standstill. — Он набегался так, что не мог сдвинуться с места.

You'd never believe that woman was nearly eighty, she could run us all off our feet. — Ни за что не скажешь, что этой женщине было почти восемьдесят, она нас всех могла загонять.

г) ( run out (of)) выгонять (откуда-л.)

There's enough of us here to run you out. — Нас здесь вполне достаточно для того, чтобы тебя прогнать.

3)

а) двигать, передвигать, заставлять скользить быстро и без труда

I cook a meal for him occasionally and I run a vacuum over the place. — Время от времени я готовлю ему еду и провожу уборку с помощью пылесоса.

б) иск. двигать, перемещать ( декорации) по сцене

4)

а) быстро перемещаться; двигаться, ехать ( о транспорте)

б) ходить, курсировать, плавать (о поездах, судах и т. п.)

to run late — опоздать, прийти не по расписанию

The shuttle runs daily from New York to Boston. — Самолёты каждый день совершают регулярные рейсы Нью-Йорк - Бостон.

The trains aren't running now. — Поезда сейчас не ходят.

Syn:

go, ply

5)

а) плыть

Far ran the naked moon. — Высоко плыла беззащитная луна.

On that day she deviated from the course of the voyage and ran for Mauritius. — В тот день корабль отклонился от намеченного пути и взял курс на остров Маврикий.

We were winning the boat race until our boat ran aground on a sandbank. — Мы шли впереди всех в лодочной гонке, пока наша лодка не налетела на мель.

б) быстро плыть, идти на нерест ( о рыбе)

6)

а) управлять (транспортным средством, судном и т. п.)

They no longer run steamers there. — Они больше не водят здесь пароходы.

б) направлять ( транспортное средство)

She got back after lunch and ran the car into the garage. — Она вернулась после завтрака и поставила машину в гараж.

в) держать (двигатель, машину и т. п.) работающим, действующим

I can't collect you. I don't run a car. — Я не могу за тобой заехать. У меня не заводится машина.

7)

а) перевозить, транспортировать; доставлять к месту назначения

The engine runs trucks to and from the piers on the island. — На острове машина привозила и отвозила товары с пирса и на пирс.

б) = run across, = run along подвозить (кого-л.)

I ran Johnson back to my house. — Я отвёз Джонсона обратно к себе домой.

Don't wait for the bus in this cold weather, I'll run you across to your mother's. — Зачем тебе ждать автобуса на холоде, давай я подброшу тебя до дома твоей матери.

There's no hurry to get there; I can run you along in the car. — Незачем спешить, я подвезу тебя на своей машине.

в) перевозить, ввозить ( контрабандный товар)

8) = run over, = run up совершать краткое путешествие

During the last five years Fry had formed the habit of running over to Paris. — В течение последних пяти лет у Фрая выработалась привычка ненадолго ездить в Париж.

9)

а) (run (up)on / against / into) налетать, наталкиваться на (что-л.); сталкиваться с (чем-л.)

The boat ran (up)on the rocks. — Лодка наскочила на камни.

Guess whom I ran against in London the other day? — Угадай, с кем я на днях столкнулся в Лондоне?

б) (run against, run into) ударять, стукать обо (что-л. / кого-л.), сталкивать с (чем-л. / кем-л.)

to run one's head against the door — стукнуться головой о дверь

10)

а) двигаться, катиться (о мяче; о костях, когда их кидают)

The ball ran into the street. — Мяч выкатился на улицу.

б) ударять (по шару, особенно в бильярде), катить (шар, особенно в боулинге)

He ran the ball strongly 30ft. past the hole. — Он ударил по мячу так, что тот на 30 футов перелетел через лунку.

11) проводить, пробегать (рукой, глазами и т. п.)

She ran her fingers over the smooth material. — Она провела пальцами по гладкой ткани.

I caught myself running my glance round. — Я поймал себя на том, что мельком оглядываю всё вокруг.

She ran down the first page of her letter. — Она пробежала первую страницу письма.

His eye swiftly ran from line to line. — Его глаза быстро перебегали с одной строчки на другую.

Let's run through the whole play from the beginning. — Давайте посмотрим всю пьесу сначала.

Syn:

glance, pass, glide

12)

а) вращаться, крутиться

In which case the wheel will have liberty to run. — В этом случае колесо сможет свободно вращаться.

Syn:

revolve, turn

б) идти, крутиться (о киноплёнке, магнитной плёнке); демонстрироваться ( о фильме)

I'd been to see a film in the afternoon, and it ran longer than I expected. — Днём я пошёл посмотреть фильм, и он продолжался дольше, чем я думал.

The film began to run. — Начался фильм.

13)

а) литься, струиться, течь

The stream runs down the valley. — Поток стекает в долину.

Tears ran from her eyes. — Из глаз у неё текли слёзы.

б) ( run with) сделаться мокрым от (чего-л.)

The mud walls ran down with damp. — Грязные стены отсырели от влажности.

Syn:

flow, stream

в) протекать, течь; переполняться ( о сосудах); наполняться ( о ванне)

Syn:

leak, overflow

14) расплываться; линять (о рисунке и т. п.)

Her red blouse ran on the lighter colored clothes in the wash. — При стирке красная блузка линяла, окрашивая более светлые вещи.

15)

а) плавиться, таять, течь ( в результате таяния)

The ice cream ran in the warm sun. — Мороженое на солнце растаяло.

Syn:

dissolve, melt

б) соединяться (в один кусок, особенно во влажном или расплавленном состоянии), затвердевать ( комком)

16)

а) скользить, легко двигаться, идти гладко

The neck-halter seems to have been tarry, and did not run. — Верёвка с петлей, похоже, не была пропитана и поэтому не скользила.

б) ( run through) проводить по (чему-л.), пропускать через (что-л.)

to run a comb through one's hair — провести расчёской по волосам

to run a pen through smth. — зачеркнуть, перечеркнуть что-л. ручкой

Will you run a thread through an eyelet? — Продень нитку в иголку, будь так добр.

17)

а) простираться, расстилаться, тянуться прям. и перен.

A balustrade runs round the building. — Вокруг здания тянется балюстрада.

He was brilliantly attired in crimson pyjamas. Who would have thought his taste would run to the exotic? (S. Woods) — Он был облачён в малиновую пижаму. Кто бы мог предположить, что он дойдёт до такой экзотики?

Syn:

extend, stretch

б) тянуться, расти, обвиваться ( о растениях)

18) спорт.

а) соревноваться, участвовать (в соревнованиях, скачках)

Syn:

compete

б) проводить (бега, гонки, скачки)

The Derby has been run in a snowstorm. — Дерби проводилось во время бурана.

в) заявлять ( лошадь) на скачки

No person can run more than one horse for any plate. — На любые скачки на приз каждый может заявить только одну лошадь.

19) брать назад (слово, обещание и т. п.), расторгать, нарушать ( договор)

The contracting party may be inclined to run from his word. — Договаривающаяся сторона, возможно, захочет взять назад своё слово.

20) ( run off) не оказывать влияния на (кого-л.)

The scoldings run off him like water off a duck's back. — Его ругают, а с него всё как с гуся вода.

21)

а) преим. амер. баллотироваться, выставлять (свою) кандидатуру на выборах

Richard Roe will run for mayor. — Ричард Роу выставит свою кандидатуру на пост мэра.

How many people are running in this election? — Сколько кандидатов участвуют в выборах?

б) выставлять в качестве кандидата

22) амер. навязывать, расхваливать, рекламировать

I went with him to the house he was running for. — Я пошёл с ним к дому, который он так расхваливал.

23) быстро распространяться

A whisper ran through the crowd. — По толпе пробежал шёпот.

The news ran all over town. — Известие быстро распространилось по всему городу.

Syn:

spread

24) муз.; = run down исполнять, выводить рулады; быстро пропевать

25)

а) быстро вырастать, давая семена

б) отставать ( о коре деревьев)

26)

а) распускаться ( о петлях)

Her stocking ran. — У неё на чулке спустилась петля.

б) расстёгиваться

27) работать, функционировать

One of these little engines recently ran forty-seven days and nights without stoppage. — Один из этих маленьких моторчиков недавно проработал сорок семь суток без остановки.

The American university: how it runs, where it is going. — Американский университет: как он живёт, куда он движется.

28) крутиться, вертеться, постоянно возвращаться ( о мыслях)

phrase running in the head — фраза, которая крутится в голове

It runs in my head that I've heard something about it. — У меня вертелось в голове, что я где-то уже об этом слышал.

My thoughts have been running upon the future. — Я всё думаю о будущем.

29)

а) проходить, бежать, лететь

How fast the years run by! — Как быстро летят годы!

Life ran smoothly in its ordinary grooves. — Жизнь текла гладко в своём привычном русле.

Their talks ran on for hours. — Они говорили часами.

Syn:

elapse, pass, go by

б) кончаться

The night was almost run. — Ночь почти прошла.

Syn:

come to an end, expire

30) идти, продолжаться, длиться; быть действительным ( на определённый срок)

The lease runs for five years. — Аренда действительна на пять лет.

Syn:

continue, go on, last

31)

а) идти (о пьесе, фильме)

This film is now running at all cinemas. — Этот фильм идёт сейчас во всех кинотеатрах.

б) показывать (пьесу, фильм)

32)

а) иметь хождение, быть в обращении ( о деньгах)

б) действовать на определённой территории, распространяться на определённой территории (о законах, воззваниях)

33) быть характерным ( для членов одной семьи)

Musical ability runs in my family. — В нашей семье ярко выражены музыкальные способности.

34)

а) быть напечатанным, быть опубликованным, появиться

The story ran in all the papers. — История появилась во всех газетах.

Syn:

print, publish, display

б) печатать, публиковать

The ad was run in the paper for two days. — Объявление публиковалось в газете два дня.

35) гласить (о документе, тексте и т. п.); быть выраженным ( определённым способом)

telex running as follows — телекс следующего содержания

I know not how his proper official title ran. — Я не знаю, каков был его официальный титул.

36) = run out, = run up достигать ( определённого) количества, стоимости, доходить, равняться

Last autumn arrests of illegal immigrants were running 80 a week. — Прошлой осенью число арестов нелегальных иммигрантов доходило до 80 в неделю.

How much will the repairs run? — Сколько будет стоить ремонт?

The bill runs to $100. — Счёт составляет 100 долларов.

The prices run from $5 to $200. — Цены варьируются от 5 до 200 долларов.

The book ran into five editions. — Книга выдержала пять изданий.

The total area runs out at 25,000 square miles. — Вся область составляет 25000 квадратных миль.

The bill for the repairs might run up to $300. — Счёт за ремонт может составить около 300 долларов.

Syn:

extend, cost, amount, total

37) придерживаться ( определённых взглядов)

The members encouraged one another in running the Christian course. — Все члены поддерживали друг друга в следовании христианской религии.

38) подвергаться (опасности, риску и т. п.)

We run a danger of wasting time. — Мы рискуем потерять время.

She's not afraid to run a risk. — Она не боится риска.

Syn:

encounter, meet

39)

а) прорывать, преодолевать (какое-л. препятствие); пробиваться сквозь (что-л.)

to run the blockade — прорвать блокаду

to run the cutter — ускользать от таможенного судна

The escaped prisoners ran the roadblock. — Сбежавшие заключённые проскочили сквозь дорожно-пропускной пункт.

б) разг. проскочить ( на красный свет)

Wilson told officers the brakes of his truck failed, causing him to run a red light at the intersection. — Уилсон сказал полицейским, что у его грузовика отказали тормоза, поэтому ему пришлось на перекрёстке проскочить на красный свет.

40)

а) сшивать на скорую руку, смётывать

б) штопать для укрепления ( пятку чулка)

в) прикреплять (ленту, тесьму и т. п.), пропуская через прорези в одежде

41) ( be run) быть стеснённым (в чём-л.)

I shall be hard run unless I can get a certain sum of money. — У меня будут большие денежные затруднения, если я не достану определённую сумму денег.

Both author and artist were notoriously always run for time. — И писатель, и художник были известны тем, что у них всегда не хватало времени.

42) наседать, поджимать (в состязаниях, соперничестве)

Gloriana would run her very close on the score of beauty. — Глориана не отставала от неё по красоте.

43) преим. амер. руководить, управлять; вести (дело, предприятие и т. п.); следить (за кем-л.), контролировать

Teach me how to run the business. — Научи меня вести дела.

Why couldn't Mother let me run my own birthday? — Почему мама не разрешает мне самому организовать свой день рождения?

Our staff are highly efficient; the place runs itself almost without our interference. — У нас высококвалифицированные служащие; предприятие работает практически без нашего вмешательства.

You're my father and all that, but I'll be damned if you run me any more. — Ты мой отец и всё такое, но будь я проклят, если я ещё хоть раз позволю тебе собой командовать.

- run the show

Syn:

direct, conduct, carry on

44) ввести (кого-л.) в общество

45) амер. помогать, обеспечивать средствами к существованию

46) страдать ( от лихорадки или высокой температуры)

I was running a small fever. — У меня была небольшая температура.

I don't like her running this temperature. — Мне не нравится, что у неё такая высокая температура.

47) = run through приводить в действие, включать ( кинокамеру)

48) проводить (эксперимент, тест), проводить измерения

49) амер.; австрал.; разг. дразнить, досаждать, изводить,

Syn:

tease, nag, vex

50) разг. заявлять (о ком-л.) в полицию, передавать (кого-л.) в руки полиции

51) воен. выдвигать обвинение против (кого-л.)

52) подтасовывать, фальсифицировать

Syn:

manipulate, falsify

53)

а) вырезать ( знак), рисовать, чертить ( линию) на поверхности

б) вести, тянуть, проводить (что-л. в определённом направлении или до определённой длины)

Syn:

extend, lead, take, carry

54) прослеживать, устанавливать (параллели, сходство); проводить ( различия)

55) объединять, соединять

The events of two days have been run into one. — События двух дней были объединены в одно.

Syn:

unite, combine

56) ( run to) тяготеть к (чему-л.), иметь склонность к (чему-л.)

to run to extremes — впадать в крайности

The writer runs to descriptive details. — Этот писатель очень любит подробно описывать детали.

57) ( run to) обращаться к (кому-л., за помощью или советом)

to run to Jim for assistance — обратиться к Джиму за помощью

58) ( run to) хватать, быть достаточным для (чего-л.)

The money won't run to a car. — Этих денег не хватит на машину.

Syn:

lope, race, sprint

59) ( run with) общаться с (кем-л.); водить компанию с (кем-л.)

In his younger days he ran with some very undesirable types. — В юности он общался с некоторыми очень подозрительными типами.

60) ( run across) (случайно) встретиться с (кем-л.); натолкнуться на (кого-л. / что-л.)

I ran across my former teacher this afternoon. — Сегодня я встретил своего старого учителя.

I ran across an excellent book on history. — Я тут обнаружил замечательную книгу по истории.

61) ( run after) "бегать", ухаживать за (кем-л.)

All the girls are running after the attractive new student. — Девушки прохода не дают этому симпатичному студенту-новичку.

62) ( run into) наезжать на (что-л.), врезаться во (что-л.)

I ran into the gatepost and hurt my knee. — Я налетел на столб и повредил колено.

This lamppost looks as if it's been run into by a bus. — Этот столб выглядит так, как будто в него врезался автобус.

63) ( run into) случайно встретить (кого-л.), столкнуться с (кем-л.)

Guess who I run into in the High Street this afternoon? — Знаешь, кого я сегодня встретил на Хай-Стрит?

Syn:

bang I 2. 8), bump, barge, knock

64) ( run into) столкнуться с (чем-л. неприятным)

to run into debt — влезть в долги

65) ( run (up)on) касаться (какой-л. темы), вращаться вокруг (какой-л. темы)

His thoughts ran upon the happy times that he had spent there. — Он вспомнил о том счастливом времени, которое провёл здесь когда-то.

66) ( run over) просматривать; повторять (что-л.)

Just run over your notes before the examination. — Просто прогляди свои конспекты перед экзаменом.

67) ( run through) промотать ( деньги)

How can you have run through so much money so quickly? — Как ты мог потратить так быстро так много денег?

68) (run + прил.) становиться, делаться

The little pond ran dry. — Маленький пруд высох.

The roads ran wild. — Дороги заросли.

Some say whiskey will run a man crazy. — Некоторые говорят, что от виски человек становится психом.

- run low
- run cold
- run mad
- run hot
Syn:

become, get

69) держать, мыть ( под краном)

to run one's hands under the tap — мыть руки под краном

70) соединять ( линией или верёвкой) две точки

накапливаться, образовываться ( о долге)

It is found a great safeguard against debt not to run long accounts. — Хорошая гарантия не делать долгов - не накапливать счёта.

71)

а) ( run into) втыкать, вонзать во (что-л.)

б) ( run through) прокалывать, пронзать, протыкать (кого-л.)

Ormonde ran two of the cowards through the body. — Ормонд пронзил тела двух трусов.

72) иметь ( определённый) склад, характер, свойство, форму

His hair was brown, with a tendency to run in ringlets. — У него были каштановые волосы, имеющие тенденцию завиваться колечками.

73)

а) преим. австрал. выпускать на подножный корм (коров, овец)

Syn:

graze

б) запустить (хорька, которого держат для отлова кроликов, уничтожения крыс) в нору

74) диал. скисать, сквашиваться ( о молоке)

Syn:

coagulate, curdle

75)

а) истекать (чем-л.)

His lips, his fangs, ran blood. — С его губ, с его клыков стекала кровь.

б) выпускать

The drains will run the water out of the land. — Дренажные канавы осушат земли.

Syn:

discharge, convey

•

- run ashore
- run aground
- run foul of
- run short
- run counter
- run about
- run along
- run around
- run away
- run back
- run down
- run in
- run off
- run on
- run out
- run over
- run round
- run through
- run up
••

to run one's mouth / off at the mouth — амер.; разг. неумеренно болтать, пустозвонить

- run to form
- run off the rails
- run for luck
- run messages
- run it close
- run it fine
- run smth. close
- run smb. close
- run too far
- run the gantlope
- run oneself into the ground
- run away with the idea 2. сущ.
1)

а) бег, пробег, пробежка

five-minutes' run — пятиминутная пробежка

to go for a run — пробежаться

to keep smb. on the run — не давать кому-л. остановиться

We took a run around the track. — Мы побежали по беговой дорожке.

Syn:

running, trot, canter

б) перебежка, за которую засчитывается очко ( в крикете или бейсболе)

в) гон; забег ( на скачках)

2) короткая поездка, небольшое путешествие

Let's take a run upstate for the day. — Давай съездим на денёк за город.

Syn:

trip, excursion, journey

3)

а) плавание, переход ( особенно между двумя портами)

- run-boat

б) ж.-д. пробег (паровоза, вагона)

в) ж.-д. отрезок пути; прогон

4) прогулка быстрым шагом; пробежка ( в современном употреблении преимущественно о прогулке собак)

to give one's dog a short run — вывести собаку на короткую прогулку

Syn:

perambulation

5)

а) воен. наступательная операция, атака с моря или воздуха

б) авиа заход на цель

The aircraft is seen making its second run over the target. — Видно, как самолёт делает второй заход на цель.

- dummy run

6) авиа

а) полёт, перелёт; рейс

I was on the Sydney-Melbourne run. — Я совершал перелёт из Сиднея в Мельбурн.

б) расстояние, пролетаемое самолётом

7) выгрузка контрабандного товара ( доставляемого по морю), прибытие контрабандного товара

Keep careful watch tonight; run expected. — Будьте на страже сегодня ночью; ожидается прибытие контрабандного товара.

8) регулярный обход, объезд

paper run — разноска газет

milk run — развоз молока

At night when they had done the evening run on their traps they would return home. — Вечером после того, как они объезжали все свои ловушки, они возвращались домой.

9) амер.

а) ручей, речушка

Syn:

flow, brook, rivulet, watercourse

б) сток, водослив

Syn:

channel, overflow

в) поток, сильный прилив

10) струя песка, обвал, оползень

Syn:

slip, slide

11) потёк ( краски)

12) муз. рулада

13) период времени, полоса (удач, неудач и т. п.)

Gamblers always hope for a run of good luck. — Игроки всегда надеются, что наступит полоса удач.

We have had a long-continued run of the loveliest weather. — На длительный период установилась чудеснейшая погода.

Syn:

series, course, continuance, continuation

14) геол. простирание пласта; направление рудной жилы

15) длина ( провода)

16) амер. спустившаяся петля ( обычно на чулке)

I'm darning up a run in my old ski sweater. — Я зашиваю спустившуюся петлю на старом свитере.

Syn:

ladder

17) непрерывная серия, последовательность

18) рыба, идущая на нерест

19) подшивка ( периодических изданий)

run of the Field Newspaper from 1985 — подшивка газеты "Филд" с 1985 года

20) горн. поезд или ряд вагонеток ( в шахте)

21) ( the run) разг. приступ поноса

22)

а) фин. наплыв требований к банкам о немедленных выплатах

In July the failure of some commercial firms resulted in a run on several German banks. — В июле банкротство нескольких коммерческих фирм привело к массовому изъятию вкладов из нескольких немецких банков.

б) спрос (на какой-л. товар)

The book has a considerable run. — Книга хорошо распродаётся.

в) наплыв, скопление (покупателей и т. п.)

23) период, в который спектакль, фильм остаётся на сцене, идёт в прокате; период, в который выставка открыта для посетителей

This comedy has a lengthened run. — Эта комедия уже долго идёт на сцене.

The International Textile Exhibition closed yesterday after a run of something like six weeks. — Вчера закрылась международная текстильная выставка, которая работала около шести недель.

24)

а) ток ( жидкости); количество жидкости, протекающее в единицу времени

It was no hard run - but my 104 buckets would probably yield 40 or 50 gallons of maple sap today. — Ток был не очень обильным - однако сегодня 104 моих ведра, возможно, дали 40 или 50 галлонов кленового сока.

б) нефт. погон, фракция

25)

а) ход, работа, действие (машины, двигателя)

б) испытание, эксперимент ( особенно с помощью автоматического оборудования)

Only one experimental run to test the machinery has been made. — Для проверки оборудования было проведено только одно экспериментальное испытание.

в) информ. (однократный) проход, прогон ( программы)

26) нечто среднее, стандарт; большинство

common / general / normal / ordinary run — обычный, средний тип, класс

We've had nothing exciting - just the usual run of applicants. — У нас не происходило ничего особенного - обычные просители.

a man of mind, above the run of men — умный человек, превосходящий большинство людей

27) выводок (о детёнышах животных, птиц)

Syn:

batch, drove

28) партия товара, класс товара

The best runs of English and foreign wheat sell at full prices. — Лучшие сорта английской и иностранной пшеницы продаются по полной цене.

29) тираж

run of 3,000 copies — тираж в 3000 экземпляров

30) тропа, проложенная животными

31) нора, убежище

The kids are building a rabbit run. — Дети строят норку для кролика.

Syn:

enclosure, pen

32)

а) огороженное место ( для домашних животных)

Fowls are restricted to a narrow yard or run. — Домашние птицы содержатся в узком загоне или вольере.

б) австрал. (овечье) пастбище

в) австрал. скотоводческая ферма

33) уклон; трасса

34) ( runs) амер. место разгрузки, погрузки или сортировки вагонов, горка

35)

а) жёлоб, лоток, труба и т. п. (для воды)

б) горн. бремсберг, уклон

36) мор. кормовое заострение ( корпуса)

37) направление; тенденция развития

We shall find, I think, the general run of things to be such as I have represented it. — Я думаю, что мы обнаружим общую тенденцию развития такой, как я здесь представил.

Syn:

course, passage, tendency, direction

38) разг. свобода, возможность пользования (чем-л.)

You have the run of my office. — Вы можете свободно пользоваться моим офисом.

Then I have the run of the place entirely to myself. — Итак, это место в полном моём распоряжении.

Syn:

freedom

39) амер. переселение колонистов на новые земли

40) австрал.; новозел. стрижка овцы

••

at a run — подряд

the run of one's teeth / knife — бесплатное питание ( обычно за выполненную работу)

in the long run — в конце концов; в общем

to go with a run — идти как по маслу

to get the run — преим. австрал.; разг. быть уволенным с работы

- a run for one's money
- be on the run
- do smth. on the run
- have smb. on the run
- get smb. on the run
- keep smb. on the run 3. прил.
1) жидкий

2) мор. сбежавший, дезертировавший

run man — дезертир

3) идущий на нерест, нерестящийся ( о рыбе)

4) шотл. туго затянутый ( об узле)

5) горн. мягкий

6) диал. скисший, свернувшийся ( о молоке)

Syn:

coagulated, clotted

7) разг. контрабандный ( о товаре)

Syn:

smuggled

8)

а) растопленный

run butter — топлёное масло

б) расплавленный

run metal — расплавленный металл

run steel — расплавленная сталь

9) гонимый, преследуемый; измученный погоней, выдохшийся

Syn:

hunted, chased

10) продолжающийся, непрерывный

Syn:

continuous

11) (- run) происходящий ( определённым образом)

hard-run day of battle — день ожесточённой битвы

Nothing differs more from a true-run race than the ordinary careful gallop used in training. — Настоящие скачки кардинально отличаются от обычного аккуратного галопа при тренировке.

Англо-русский современный словарь > run
18 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
19 année

année [ane]

feminine noun

year

• tout au long de l'année throughout the year

• payé à l'année paid annually

• l'année universitaire the academic year

• l'année académique (Canadian, Belgian), (Swiss) the academic year

• de première/deuxième année (School, university) first-/second-year

• les années de guerre the war years

• année de naissance year of birth

• les années 60 the sixties

► année bissextile leap year

► année budgétaire financial year

► année calendaire, année civile calendar year

* * *
ane
nom féminin year

l'année en cours — this year

en quelle année le disque est-il sorti? — what year was the album released?

avec les années — over the years

d'année en année — year by year

d'une année à l'autre — from one year to the next

l'année 1962 — the year 1962

l'année Mozart — the Mozart year

ces dix dernières années — over the last ten years

il a fait une année de droit — he has done one year of law

souhaiter la bonne année à quelqu'un — to wish somebody a happy new year

tout le long de l'année — throughout the year

en quelques années — within the space of a few years

dans quelques années — in a few years

en début/fin d'année — early/late in the year

(dans) les années 80 — (in) the eighties

location à l'année — annual rent

Phrasal Verbs:

- année bissextile

- année civile

- année fiscale

- année de référence

- année sabbatique

- année universitaire

- les Années folles

* * *
ane nf
year

l'année dernière — last year

l'année prochaine — next year

souhaiter la bonne année à qn — to wish sb a Happy New Year

tout au long de l'année — all year long

d'une année à l'autre — from one year to the next

d'année en année — from year to year

l'année scolaire — the school year

l'année fiscale — the tax year

* * *

année ⇒ La mesure du temps nf year; l'année en cours this year, the current year; en quelle année le disque est-il sorti? what year was the album released?; année de naissance year of birth; il y a des années que je ne l'ai pas vue I haven't seen her for years; avec les années over the years; d'année en année year by year; d'une année à l'autre from one year to the next; l'année 1962 the year 1962; l'année Mozart the Mozart year; ces dix dernières années over the last ten years; il a fait une année de droit he has done one year of law; dans le courant de l'année in the course of the year; souhaiter la bonne année à qn to wish sb a happy new year; tout le long de l'année throughout the year; en quelques années within the space of a few years; dans quelques années in a few years; au début/à la fin de l'année at the beginning/at the end of the year; en début/fin d'année early/late in the year; (dans) les années 80 (in) the eighties; abonnement/location à l'année annual subscription/rent; il est décédé dans sa soixante-neuvième année he died in his sixty-ninth year.

Composés

année bissextile leap year; année civile calendar year; année financière financial year GB, fiscal year US; année fiscale tax year; année de référence base year; année sabbatique sabbatical year; prendre une année sabbatique to take a one-year sabbatical; année sainte Holy Year; année scolaire school year; année séculaire last year of the century; année sidérale sidereal year; année solaire solar year; année tropique tropical year; année universitaire academic year; les Années folles the Roaring Twenties.

ⓘ Année scolaire School holidays are fixed nationally, and an académie falls into one of three zones so that the starts and ends of holidays are staggered. The year lasts from early September to late June, and main breaks occur in early November (Toussaint), at Christmas and New Year, in February and Spring.

[ane] nom féminin

1. [division du calendrier] year

année bissextile leap year

année civile calendar ou civil year

2. [date] year

année de fabrication date ou year of construction

l'année 1789 the year 1789

3. [durée] year

l'année de référence the base year

ce projet durera toute l'année this project will last the whole year

d'année en année from year to year

d'une année à l'autre from one year to the next

tout au long de l'année, toute l'année all year long ou round

j'ai encore deux années à faire I have two more years to do

j'ai cinq années de métier I have five years' experience in this field

entrer dans sa trentième année to enter one's thirtieth year

les plus belles années de ma vie the best years of my life

première année UNIVERSITÉ first year (UK), freshman year (US)

dernière année UNIVERSITÉ final year

c'est une étudiante de troisième année she's a third-year student (UK), she's in her junior year (US)

elle est en troisième année de médecine she's in her third year at medical school

l'année scolaire/universitaire/judiciaire the school/academic/judicial year

l'année fiscale the tax year, the fiscal year (US)

une année sabbatique a sabbatical (year)

années de vaches maigres/grasses (familier) lean/prosperous years

4. [célébration]

l'année de the Year of

l'année du Dragon the Year of the Dragon

l'année de l'Enfance the Year of the Child

l'année de la Femme International Women's Year

5. [nouvel an]

bonne année! happy New Year!

souhaiter la bonne année à quelqu'un to wish somebody a happy New Year

carte/souhaits de bonne année New Year card/wishes

————————

années nom féminin pluriel

les années 60/70 the sixties/seventies

les Années folles the roaring twenties

————————

à l'année locution adverbiale

[louer, payer] annually, on a yearly basis

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > année
20 look back

v + adv

a) ( in space) mirar (hacia) atrás

b) ( into the past)

looking back, it seems foolish — mirándolo ahora, parece una locura

the program looks back over the last 20 years — el programa es una retrospectiva de los últimos veinte años

they married five weeks later and they've never looked back — se casaron cinco semanas después y desde entonces todo ha marchado sobre ruedas

VI + ADV

1) (=look behind) mirar hacia atrás

2) (=remember) pensar en el pasado

looking back, I'm surprised I didn't suspect anything — pensándolo ahora, me sorprende que no hubiera sospechado nada

to look back on or at — [+ event, period] recordar, rememorar

after that he never looked back — (fig) desde entonces todo le ha ido sobre ruedas

* * *

v + adv

a) ( in space) mirar (hacia) atrás

b) ( into the past)

looking back, it seems foolish — mirándolo ahora, parece una locura

the program looks back over the last 20 years — el programa es una retrospectiva de los últimos veinte años

they married five weeks later and they've never looked back — se casaron cinco semanas después y desde entonces todo ha marchado sobre ruedas

English-spanish dictionary > look back

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